1995年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题 第3页

interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
     In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects,it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out,providing clues for inferring duration. Without fotgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example ,learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by or-dinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.
     Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage ( input) and forgetting (output) . Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.
67. From the evolutionary point of view,__.
(A) forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive .
(B) if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive
(C) the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual' s adaptability
(D) sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences
68. According to the passage, if a person never forgot ,__.
(A) he would survive best (C) his ability to learn would be enhanced
(B) he would have a lot of trouble (D) the evolution of memory would stop
69. From the last paragraph we know that__.
(A) forgetfulness is a response to learning
(B) the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output systenl
(C) memory is a compensation for forgetting
(D) the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs
70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of__.
(A) remembering (B) forgetting (C) adapting (D) experiencing

Part Ⅳ English-Chinese Translation
     The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting,
classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. 71 )The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools , with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable , meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user .
     All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.
     Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned , the sktlls he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73)Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
     74)In general,the tests work most effectivelv when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be messured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. 75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

Part Ⅴ Wrlting (15 points)
DIRECTIONS :
A. Title: THE "PROJECT HOPE"
B. Time limit : 40 minutes
C. Word limit : 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)
D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the
given opening sentence : "Education plays a very important role in the modernization of
our country " .
E. Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
OUTLEVE:
1. Present sluation
2. Necessity of the project
3. My suggestion

1995年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题 第3页答案

答案:
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. D 9. A 10.C
11. A, renect 12. D, if
13. B, to which 14. D, being
15. C, writing about 或 who write about 16. D, affected
17. C, whose 18. C, as
19. C, do much 20. B, each time
21. B 22. D 23. C 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. D 28. C 29. A 30. A
31. D 32. B 33. A 34. C 35. B 36. A 37. D 38. D 39. A 40. B
41. B 42. C 43. C 44. B 45. D 46. C 47. A 48. D 49. A 50. B
51. D 52. A 53. D 54. C 55. A 56. C 57. A 58. D 59. B 60. C
61. A 62. D 63. C 64. B 65. B 66. C 67. D 68. B 69. A 70. B
71．把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。
72．这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
73．因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。
74．一般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。
75．例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。

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