2.1.3 Clipping
In linguistics, clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts (Marchand: 1969). Clipping is also known as “truncation” or “shortening.” According to Marchand (1969), clippings are not coined as words belonging to the standard vocabulary of a language. They originate as terms of a special group like schools, army, police, the medical profession, etc., in the intimacy of a milieu where a hint is sufficient to indicate the whole. For example, exam(ination), math(ematics), and lab(oratory) originated in school slang; spec(ulation) and tick(et = credit) in stock-exchange slang; and vet(eran) and cap(tain) in army slang. While clipping terms of some influential groups can pass into common usage, becoming part of Standard English, clippings of a socially unimportant class or group will remain group slang.
Clipping mainly consists of the following types: 1. Back clipping: Back clipping is the most common type, in which the beginning is retained. The unclipped original may be either a simple or a composite. Examples are: ad (advertisement), cable (cablegram), doc (doctor), exam (examination), fax (facsimile), gas (gasoline), gym (gymnastics, gymnasium), memo (memorandum), mutt (muttonhead), pub (public house), pop (popular music). 2. Fore-clipping: Fore-clipping or aphaeresis retains the final part. Examples: chute (parachute), coon (raccoon), gator (alligator), phone (telephone), pike (turnpike), varsity (university). 3. Middle clipping: In middle clipping or syncope, the middle of the word is retained. Examples are: flu (influenza), jams or jammies (pajamas/pyjamas), polly (apollinaris), shrink (head-shrinker), tec (detective). 4. Complex clipping: Clipped forms are also used in compounds. One part of the original compound most often remains intact. Examples are: cablegram (cable telegram), op art (optical art), org-man (organization man), and linocut (linoleum cut). Sometimes both halves of a compound are clipped as in navicert (navigation certificate). In these cases it is difficult to know whether the resultant formation should be treated as a clipping or as a blend, for the border between the two types is not always clear.
Brand examples: “FedEx”, “INTEL”, “Sunkist”毕业论文http://www.751com.cn
FedEx Corporation, originally known as FDX Corporation, is a logistics services company, based in the United States with headquarters in Memphis, Tennessee. The name “FedEx” is a syllabic abbreviation of the name of the company's original air division, Federal Express, which was used from 1973 until 2000.
“INTEL” is a syllabic abbreviation of the word “inter-national”.
“Sunkist” is short for the word “sun kissed”.
2.1.4 Compounding本文来自辣'文~论-文.网
Words like typewriter, workshop, and tractor-driver are formed by putting two words together. This way of building new words is called compounding. Compounding is a productive way of word formation. By means of compounding, two free morphemes are combined to form a compound. Compounds have strict patterns. The first element in the compound receives the main stress, but it is generally the second element that determines the compound’s new word class. For example, in blackbird the second element (bird) is a noun and the compound as a whole remains a noun. This element is called the head of the compound. The first element can also be any one of these three. Thus we have three patterns of compounds: noun compounds, verb compounds, adjective compounds.
Brand examples: “Walkman”, “Playboy”
“Walkman” is a Sony brand originally used for portable audio cassette, and now used to market Sony's portable audio and video players as well as a line of Sony Ericsson mobile phones. The original “Walkman” introduced a change in music listening habits by allowing people to carry music with them.
“Playboy” is another example of this feature, obviously “playboy” is coined by the two words “play” and “boy”.