中小企业小额贷款英文文献及翻译 第5页
4 United States: The Small Business Administration Loan Guarantee Program
At its founding, a premise for the Small Business Administration (SBA) was that banks were too risk averse to lend to small firms, yet there were plenty of “good” small businesses worthy of credit. Hence, the SBA was created in 1953 to make direct loans, loans in partnership with banks, and to provide loan guarantees. At its inception, it was intended that the SBA would not compete with bank lenders. The SBA, therefore, moved away from direct lending towards loan guarantees. Such guarantees were intended for borrowers who, because of their small size, did not meet bank credit standards.
Historically, a borrower seeking a loan could apply to the SBA for a guarantee through the lender. To be eligible, the lender must have certified that the business would not have qualified for credit without the guarantee—but that the likelihood of repayment is sound! Originally, SBA staff reviewed each application. If approved, a guarantee of up to 90% of loans up to $155,000 could be advanced. Loans were secured to the extent that tangible assets were available and the Chief Executive's personal guarantee was required. Under the terms of the guarantee, if the borrower was at least 60 days in arrears the lender could demand that the SBA purchase the outstanding principal and interest and become responsible for collection. 本文来自辣.文'论^文·网
The SBA has moved away from approval of all loan applications to place more responsibility on the lenders during the last decade. Approximately two-thirds of U.S. banks act as lenders under the SBA program. Yet, there is considerable variation in the extent to which various lenders actually participate. The SBA has come under considerable praise but has also been subject to intense criticism. Among the major causes of concern were the high costs of program administration and costs of honoring loans in default. During the 1980s, the operating budget of the SBA was of the order to $70 million per year (Rhyne 1988), and estimates of long-run default rates ranged from 16.4% (SBA, 1983, as reported by Mandel 1992) to 23.5% (Rhyne 1988). More recently, the SBA has concentrated lending with the more efficient and responsible lenders and also encouraged other lenders to emulate their examples. These efforts, according to the SBA (1998), have resulted in increased productivity and efficiency and a reduced rate of defaults.
As part of the continuous effort to reduce the default rate on loans, the Office of Inspector General (1996) sought to identify the best credit initiation, analysis, and monitoring techniques of a cross-section of successful lenders. The work identified some practices as effective in controlling credit risk. Successful lenders:
• foster a long-term and comprehensive relationship with their borrowers that extends beyond the scope of an SBA loan
• rely more on evaluating an individual borrower's situation than on automated screening methods such as credit scoring
• generally avoid the use of external loan packagers
• require the borrower to demonstrate relevant experience in the type of business to which credit is to be extended
• require the borrower to pledge both personal and business assets as collateral, despite the availability of the SBA guarantee
• centralize final lending decisions to ensure consistency and control
• emphasize quality loan origination over monitoring
• assign risk ratings to new loans and periodically reassess them throughout the life of the loans
• proactively watch for warning signs of future loan repayment problems
• identify past due loans early and initiate vigorous collection efforts
• emphasize working out a problem loan to avoid liquidation.
The report concluded that the above practices, although not comprehensive, could be a useful guide to lenders who need to develop procedures for the management of their SBA loan portfolio or wish to improve controls over credit systems. The SBA could also encourage or require these practices of lenders who need to improve their management of SBA-guaranteed loans.
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