Phase one: CI = L + N + M + C
That is, Consecutive Interpretation = Listening and Analysis + Note-taking + Short-term Memory Operation + Coordination
Phase two: CI = Rem + Read +P
That is, Consecutive Interpretation = Remembering + Note-reading + Production.
Daniel Gile (1995) emphasizes the difficulties and efforts concerning interpreting tasks and strategies, finding lots of failures occurring in the absence of any visible difficulty. And then he puts forward his Effort Model for consecutive interpreting. He says that “The Effort Model is designed to help them (interpreters) understand these difficulties (of interpreting) and select appropriate strategies and tactics. They are based on the concept of processing capacity and on the fact that some mental operations in interpreting require much processing capacity” (Gile, 1992:191).
3.2 Enlightenments of Effort Model
In terms of his observation, Gile imagines it could probably be modeled as consisting of four main components or efforts: listening and comprehension, note-taking, a short-term memory component and coordination component.
3.2.1 Listening and Comprehension
Listening comprehension is the first step of interpreting which is an invisible mental process, making it difficult to be described. Listening to speeches, every interpreter must discriminate between understanding of sounds, vocabulary and grammatical structures, catch stress and intention retain and interpret this within the immediately as well as the larger socio-cultural context of the utterance. Rost (2002) defines listening comprehension, in its broadest senses, as a process of receiving what the speaker actually says (receptive orientation), constructing and representing meaning (constructive orientation), negotiating meaning with the speaker and responding (collaborative orientation). All in all, listening comprehension can be defined as structured with all comprehension-oriented operations, from the analysis of the sound waves carrying the original which reach the interpreter’s ears, through the identification of words, to the target about the real meaning of the utterance. Listening comprehension is the first and essential step of interpreting, in which listeners match what they hear with their storage of knowledge.
3.2.2 Note-taking辣/文^论'文.网http://www.751com.cn
Note-taking is also an important step in interpreting and plays a role as a rope to string all the information an interpreter listens. In formal negotiations and conferences, whether an interpretation can be done well largely depends on how the note is. In general, a speech would last a few minutes or dozens of minutes. It is impossible to remember all the original text. In addition, it is usually that some proper nouns will appear such as numbers, persons’ names, and places’ name and so on. Nevertheless, putting all in the brain of the listener is not enough unless he takes notes. If an interpreter has a good mastery in note-taking application smoothly, his notes could compensate other shortages in skills.
There are some traits of notes in interpreting. Compared with the notes in class, on one hand, the notes in interpreting are used for different aims. The class notes are written for reviewal to students in a long time while the other is for clearing their thinking for interpreters in a very short period of time. On the other hand, the class one is written in details for a good reviewal while the other one is the shorter the better for the time is limited.
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