人才流失英文文献及参考文献 第6页
2. A quick look back
There has always been brain drain and emigration from Germany. Again, exact data are not available and migration from and to Germany seems to fluctuate in history. For example, good brains were lost in the dark Middle Ages when nobody dared to perform “sciences” for religious reasons.
Some people really moved, others just moved into “inner migration” There were exploratory times, so that between 1600 and 1950 altogether 70 million persons emigrated, mainly to North and South America, Algeria, Southern Africa, Palestine, Australia and New Zealand. And I would like to remind the reader that in the next dark period during the years before 1945, Germany once more lost many good brains because people fled to other countries for refuge or were deported. The brain drain at that time had different impacts, because especially the Jewish population were often well-educated and those who were still able to do so left the country. Most of them went to the United States. And if you look at the names of famous American scientists, you can often still trace their German origins. By the way, one of these very good brains and a loss for Germany is the editor of this journal: Harold A. Linstone was born in Hamburg.
What do I want to say with this: there has always been and will always be a brain drain or a brain gain according to the environment of the people, surroundings, systems, institutions, religions and culture. The reasons for leaving a country are manifold but if there are too many reasons, too many good people leave and it is difficult to maintain a certain standard in science, technology and innovation or even the societal system. That is always a problem for developing countries, the best people who go away, have a look at other countries and do not want to return. Others just decide to learn from other countries — and go back. Germany at the moment seems to be at the crossroads.
3. Current reasons for the brain drain
Most scientists and highly educated persons move to English-speaking countries, the US or the UK, others to neighbouring countries w辣/文^论'文.网
http://www.751com.cn ith the same language like Switzerland. For scientists, the major reason to leave the country is to work in a well-known institution or to have a better environment for their research. We just had the nominations of the Leibniz–Preis, one of the highest German awards for scientists. One of the winners, Gerald Haug, a well-known and recognised scientist, is about to leave the country for Switzerland because he does not want to wait for the university system to change.
What we do know are some expert migrations, e.g. there is definitely a brain drain of doctors — and at the same time, a lack of doctors in the eastern part of Germany. As the UK does not have enough physicians, many doctors participate in a programme to work there — but that is rather short-term. We have more doctors going to the Netherlands — where they are better paid. We also have a brain drain of “not yet professors”, better: well-known, highly appreciated researchers who are not professors because the German system is still relatively complicated with its habilitation thesis (which is in fact abolished but still exists) and inflexible. Junior professorships are new and come too late for senior researchers older than 35 who “only” have a doctor title (PhD equivalent). who work in areas that are interdisciplinary or application-oriented but not directly at a university. For them, the way back to a university is very difficult. And the Fraunhofer Society which works in applied research is such a case where there are links to the university system but which are very difficult to maintain or exploit for single researchers. Fraunhofer ISI, directly our department, just “lost” two senior researchers because they were offered a university chair, but not in Germany (in the UK and the Netherlands), and one took another post-doc with him. We lost another senior researcher to a chair in Germany, but in the form of a cooperation of the institute with a university, which is a different way of penetrating the “old” system.
This “loss of persons” can be interpreted as a good sign for the quality of our research in the institute and in Germany, it can motivate people to do the same or to do good work, but on the other hand, the persons and their knowledge are gone. This is exactly the problem with brain drain. We do not know if it is really a bad or a good thing — as long as we do not have data and representative surveys about the reasons for people to leave or come back. Except for personal experiences, we do not even have the data for general motivations to leave or to stay. All we know is that there may be a problem and that it can develop into a huge problem for 上一页 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] 下一页
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