人才流失英文文献及参考文献 第7页
the science, technology and innovation system as well as for the competitiveness of the country.
Surveys are rare and those available show that “criteria of attractivity of foreign working possibilities are mixed with subjectively observed deficits in the own country”. In a survey of 1690 Germans in foreign countries and 2197 foreign scientists in Germany, the motives mentioned are mainly the possibility of working in a high-ranking scientific institution and conducting more in-depth work on a specific research topic. Both are pull-factors followed by mentioning the push-factors “better chances for the career than in Germany” and “missing vocational perspectives”.
Some people stay longer in the other country than they previously intended because they received an attractive offer to stay. 40% of the Germans in the survey mentioned received an attractive offer, especially in the US. Only 30% of the international scientists were invited to stay in Germany.
4. Future developments
As always, future developments are unclear. It will clearly depend to a large extent on the measures taken, and in some areas such as ICT, they se辣/文^论'文.网
http://www.751com.cn em to be fruitful. Thus Germany is once again at the crossroads: Is it really possible to prevent further brain drain? How can unemployed people who are not “needed” in the economy today, but may be in 10 years' time be persuaded not to leave the country or at least to return? How can they maintain their knowledge? How can specialists be attracted or motivated to stay in times when they find much better conditions in other countries? This is especially necessary for scientists, engineers and people working in medical care. If policy-makers find an answer, this challenge is no problem. Some measures have already been tried — but very few and far between, on a small scale and often as trials. And in the long run, it is necessary to provide good environments and framework conditions for the population in the country in general, as well as for the specialist. Then people will stay or at least come back.
It is also unclear if the emigrants will return. Many of them intend to, but as long as the living and working conditions here are not as good as in other environments, they will stay where they are. In fact, one often knows only after they die because some of them return when they are old.
There are already policies and initiatives in place, one in particular is run by the government, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Science, and called “Brain Drain–Brain Gain” (by the way: in English). The aim is to encourage the best German researchers to come home, and to attract more foreign students to German universities. The number mentioned is 10% more foreign students.
The development of the brain drain will be closely linked to demographic development in Germany. We already note differences between the German federal states or regions. The eastern parts already lost many of their best people (especially women) to the western regions. Together with a general decline in the German population, this may lead to a restructuring of the regions, to empty regions and to the necessity of even more reforms in our social system. Empty regions are not necessarily bad, they can be re-naturalised or used for tourism. Not accepting the change is the problem. And that is also the problem for the social system, which was based on increasing population numbers and at least a stable working population. Now, as it is clear that we do not have this stability (in fact, we never had it), the system has to be reformed. And that is difficult to accept as there are always losers and winners, and because the payment for health and other insurances will increase if the current standard is to be maintained. So there are many consequences, some invisible but most are visible and have been known for a long time already. The problem is that politicians do not like to tell people the “bad” news that the only continuity lies in changes and the recognition that changes are necessary.
Another platform for this discussion is the new European Research Council which tries to fund frontier research and other basic research with 7.5 billion euro (2007–2013) to give young researchers a chance and motivation to stay and fund their research in Europe. The question is if money is the only answer.
There is a factor that might limit the brain drain: for security reasons, some countries close their borders. Until now, they normally kept them open for good brains, for scientists and other people they needed. The question is whether this will be also the case in the futureThe fear of terrorist attacks make some politicians become irrational —and if the borders are increasingly difficult to cross, migration is more difficult. And if “poor” and not well educated Africans are in front of the borders — what then ? In fact, young people are needed in Europe, in Germany, even in the US. But they also need education an辣/文^论'文.网http://www.751com.cn d integration in order to be “useful” for these countries. I know that the discussion at this level is not talking about human rights, about poor people who leave their countries because of war or for economic or other reasons. What I would like to say is that it is one-sided to limit this discussion to brain drain and brain gains for a certain country. It is useless in a globalised world where good people are needed — from wherever they come. The only answer can be international competitiveness and attractivity in education, in innovation, in science and technology and the economy combined with an attractive society and social system. This means: the framework conditions for all inhabitants have to be improved or at least kept stable. On the other hand, there are too many problematic fields at once and no time to lose to initiate reforms.
At the end, a personal note:
I personally have to admit that we even have this discussion at home. I still hear my husband saying: “I saw a nice ad, they are looking for people like me…what about Australia?” Next week: “New Zealand is also fine, there are some offers... no, not Switzerland...” Fact is: we still live in Germany, there are many pros and cons and not everything in Germany is bad. I do not want to complain about that. But the brain drain is a lasting phenomenon which has its impact on the scientific and innovative capacity of a country like Germany and on people working as researchers. At the moment, my husband is discussing the pros and cons of Scandinavian countries. Maybe they need innovative people like us.上一页 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
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