库存管理英文文献及翻译 第6页
Cycle stock
In-transit stock
Safety or buffer stock
Speculative stock
Seasonal stock
Dead stock
If demand and lead time is constant, only cycle stock is necessary. In transit inventory is usually accounted for on the place of shipment as it is not available at the destination. In-transit stock can be reduced through faster modes of transportation. Safety or buffer stock is a result of uncertainty of demand and lead time. Speculative stock is inventory held for reasons other than satisfying current demand, often acquired to reach economies of scale or to generate seasonal stock. Dead stock includes items for which no demand has been registered and may become obsolete.
Inventory Management Conditions
Certainty
Uncertainty
In a perfect world as described in business school text books and case studies one manages in a world of certainty. And the best ordering policy can be determined by minimizing the total of inventory carrying costs and ordering costs using the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model.
P = ordering cost ($/order)
D = annual demand (number of units)
C = annual inventory carrying cost (% of product cost)
V = average cost of one unit of inventory ($/unit)
This formula can be adjusted for volume discounts and incremental replenishment, as well as other conditions.
Most of us don’t work in a place called perfect, and are facing uncertainties. Life ends up throwing monkey wrenches into the production of widgets. For those of you who love math look at the operations management literature and you will find ways to calculate fill rates, safety stock, and standard deviation of replenishment cycles.
Symptoms of Poor Inventory Management:
Increasing number of backorders
Increasing cancelled orders
Increasing numbers of returns
High customer turnover rate
Large number of obsolete items
Periodic lack of storage space
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http://www.751com.cn items which among other things may lead to lack of storage space. You may face these inventory symptoms, but the causes may be part of the bigger picture.
Ways to Reduce Inventory Levels:
Lead-time analysis
Delivery-time analysis
Eliminate low turnover items
Eliminate obsolete items
Analysis of package size
Analysis of discount structure
Examine returned goods procedures
Measurement of fill rate by stock-keeping unit (SKU)
Analysis of customer demand
Improve forecasting
Improve electronic data interchange with vendors/suppliers
The above mentioned ways to reduce inventory levels should be part of a system approach to improving Inventory Management
Inventory Management Systems/Analysis
ABC Analysis
Forecasting
Advanced Order Processing Systems
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
Knowledge Management (KM)
Systems Vendor-Managed inventory (VMI)
ABC analysis is a tool to classify items according to their relative importance/profitability (Category A items are more important than category B items, and so on). A distribution by value report usually forms the basis of an ABC analysis. Better sales forecasting and advanced order processing systems as part of a larger marketing plan will reduce inventory. And Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system such as SAP will eliminate stove pipes and information silos and contribute to information sharing along with a company knowledge management (KM) system. Top management may see Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI) as a way to out-source the inventory problem. But one has to be careful as it requires a high degree of transparency and integration between the partners. Such a marriage may bring a lot of benefits during the honeymoon period but also may have a costly divorce lurking in the background. 上一页 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
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