Metaphor and Simile
Figures of speech as an effective rhetorical device has always been used in narrative writing as poetry to enhance the impact and appeal of a certain discourse . Among the most familiar figures of speech are metaphors and similes. The former involves an implicit comparison between two inherent that share some similar features, while the latter are simply metaphors marked by terms such as like, as though, similar, resembling . It is agreed among scholars that metaphor has been regrettably neglected in translation theory until Menachim Dagut published his essay entitled “Can Metaphor be translated” and a backup by Raymond van den Broeck, “The limits of translatability exemplified by metaphor translation”. One of the most striking artistic characteristics in the novel Fortress Besieged, is the employment of various rhetoric devices---metaphors in particular.
1.3 Culture and Metaphor Translation in Fortress Besieged原文请+QQ3249.114辣'文.论,文'网
Language is not only the carrier of message but the carrier of culture as well. Culture is here not understood in the narrower sense of man’s advanced intellectual development as reflected in the arts, but in the broader anthropological sense to refer to all socially conditioned aspects of human life .
The acceptance of culture is possible but incomplete, because it is limited by the diversity in culture (material culture, institutional culture and mental culture) particularly by the diversity in language culture and intellectual culture. The transfer of culture can be resorted to various codes, but language is of course the most important code of all. As an part of culture, language carries culture and helps to develop culture. It is true to say that language is the life-blood of culture and culture is the track along which language forms and develops. As we all know, different nations have different culture and each culture has its individuality and universality. Translation as a communication between languages, it is not only a process of language of conversion but also a process of culture transplantation. We should try to look for similarities between languages and culture particularly similar messages and formal techniques, but it does this only because it is constantly confronting dissimilarities. It is unable to remove these dissimilarities entirely. A translated text should be the site where a different culture emerges, where a reader gets a glimpse of another cultural, and should be able to remind the reader of the gains and losses in the translation process and the unbridgeable gaps between cultures. To further illustrate this point, we just take a fewexamples selected from Fortressed Besieged:毕业论文
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1.门口桌子上，一叠饭碗，大碟子里几块半生不熟的肥肉，原是红烧，现在像红人倒运，又冷又黑。旁边一碟馒头，远看也像玷污了清白的大闺女，全是黑斑点，走近了，这些黑点飞升而消散于周遭的阴暗之中，原来是苍蝇。这东西跟蚊子臭虫算得上小饭店里的岁寒三友，现在刚是深秋天气，还显不出它们的后凋劲节。
Rice bowls were piled on a large table at the entrance along with a few pieces of half-cooked fat meat on a large plate, meat which turned out to be red-cooked pork. Now cold and black , the pork was like a once prosperous man who was down on his luck and had lost his formerly ruddy complexion. Next to this was a plate of steamed bread which, from a distance, looked like a once pure-white virgin who has been soiled. It was covered with black specks and streaks. When one came closer, the black specks flew off and disappeared in the surrounding shadows. In fact, they were flies. These, along with mosquitoes and bedbugs, are considered the “three companions of winter” at small inns. As it was now just late autumn, their steadfastness in winter was not yet apparent.
The pines, bamboos and plums, altogether are traditionally called “three companions of winter” and frequently eulogized in Chinese poems and appreciated by the Chinese people for their resilience and resistance to extremely cold winter. The “three companions of winter” symbolizes the fine qualities of the character of human beings: perseverance, yet, the translator translated them literally and didn’t convey the implied meaning to the foreign readers. So they couldn’t perceive the profound meaning behind it. For to target language readers, these are only three ordinary plants that have no particular culture connotation. Hence, in order to make the target language readers acquire the same response with the source language readers and show the appropriate sign of respect to foreign cultures, so it is better add a note here.
2.他把客堂里的书画古玩反复看了三遍， 正想沈子培写“人”字的捺脚活像北平老妈子缠的小脚，上面那样粗挺的腿，下面忽然微乎其微的一顿，就完事了，也算是脚的!原文请+QQ3249,114辣'文.论,文'网
After looking at the scrolls and antiques in the room for more than three times, he was struck by the thought that the foot stroke of Shen Tzu-p’ei’s character for “man” closely resembled the tiny bound foot of an elderly Peking maidservant. The top part of the leg character was stiff and bulky while the bottom part suddenly came to a tiny point and ended. Some foot that was.
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