摘要:王安石变法以富国强兵为目的,重点从理财上入手,颁布了市易法、青苗法、募役法等一系列经济措施。由于新法自身设计的弊端,官府对市场的垄断和官吏的徇私舞弊等,新法逐渐变形,如原本为平抑物价的市易法却引起了物价上涨、市场萧条;本意为缓解农民所急的青苗法变成了高利贷;意在减轻民众劳役负担的募役法竟变成了地方官吏的聚敛。新法如此的变形使其逐渐失去了士大夫和民众的支持,并造成人情咨怨,最终只得以失败告终。27871
毕业论文关键词:王安石变法;理财;利弊
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Financial Measures of Wang anshi Reform
Abstract:To make the country rich and build up military power,Wang anshi took a series of measures focusing on financial management ,such as Shiyi Law,Qingmiao Law,Muyi Law and so on. As the disadvantages of their own design in the new law, official monopoly on the market and the officials of favoritism and so on, the new law was deformed gradually, such as the shiyi law was meant to stabilize prices,but it caused a price rise and the market slump at last; qingmiao law was intended to ease urgently needed relief of farmers ,but it become a loan shark; muyi law was intended to reduce the labor burden of the people, but it turned into the convergence of local officials. Deformation of the new law so great that it lost the support from the public and many important government officials gradually, and the reform ended in failure under the people's widespread dissatisfaction.
Key Word:Wang anshi reform; Finance; Advantages and disadvantages
目 录
摘要1
Abstract1
一、市易法2
二、青苗法3
三、募役法5
四、结语7
参考文献8
致谢 9
王安石变法中理财措施之利弊分析
宋朝开国后,执政者鉴于唐末五代之乱,吸取教训,在政治军事诸多方面采取了强化集权专制和分化事权的措施。为使官僚机构之间相互制约以巩固皇权,宋朝极力分化官员的事权,因此不可避免的增添了大量机构,此外加上北宋大量科举取士、恩荫授官,导致官员人数不断增加,机构庞大臃肿,效率低下,形成“冗官”现象。宋代实行养兵政策,招收大量流民扩充军队,到北宋中期军队激增了好几倍,仁宗末期养兵的费用大约已经占到当时国家财政支出的十之八九,出现“冗兵”现象。并且,北宋政府每年还要给西夏和辽大量岁币,又加上皇帝官僚们的奢侈赏赐之风,“冗费”出现。“三冗”现象导致了北宋财政开支庞大,收支连年赤字,财政极端困难。
此外,宋朝农业上“不抑兼并”的土地制度,促使土地买卖与兼并迅速发展,导致许多小农纷纷破产,社会变的不安定,同时国家税收也不断流失;商业上,宋朝的经济繁荣中存在着严重的垄断现象,自都城到州县城镇的商品贸易几乎都被商行把持着,弱小的中小商人经常受到排挤打压,这打击了民间的经济活力,商业税收也大打折扣。上述诸多危机不断侵害着社会的肌体,动摇着国家的基业,改革迫在眉睫,而上述问题的解决都和“钱”有一定关系,因此理财便成为王安石变法首先要解决的问题。而理财措施中最具代表性的便是市易法、青苗法、募役法,这三法含有整个理财措施的利弊共性,从中可以看出新法中的基本问题。
一、市易法
北宋政府比较重视商业,商业环境比较宽松,经济走向繁荣,但是这种繁荣并没有为大多数普通民众所共享。在市场上许多豪商富贾们凭借雄厚的商业资本,垄断市场货物与物价,压制小商贩,其又凭借强大的经济实力贿赂官员,将官府的摊派转嫁给中小商人,通过各种方式打压同行,使得大量商人破产。并且商业中雄厚的利润大部归于大商人们,政府财政收入并无多少增加。 王安石变法中理财措施之利弊分析:http://www.751com.cn/wenxue/lunwen_22518.html