As a result, it is not easy for construction firms to spareextra resources for safety management.The respondents rated  reckless operations  as fifth, with a RII of 0.86. Accordingto China Statistical Yearbook of Construction, the reckless operations largely occurat building demolition. The number of fatalities resulting from reckless operationswas 46 (4.19%) in 1999. Non-certified skill labor  is ranked sixth, with a RII of 0.84. In construction, someactivities demand a high level of skill, such as tower crane and gantry operations,and framework and scaffold erection etc. In 1999, there were 102 (9.3%) and 46(4.19%) fatalities resulted from gantry and framework erection respectively.The respondents rated  poor equipment  as seventh, with a RII of 0.82. In 1999, 95fatalities (8.66%) resulted from the problems of construction equipment. Construc-tion equipment is considered to be one of the weakest links in the Chinese con-struction industry. As there are no plant-hiring services offered in China, theconstruction firms have to own their own construction equipment. Most of equip-ment is not fully utilized, which places a heavy burden on firms. Although around30% of construction equipment is old and obsolete, it is still being used because moststate-owned firms lack money to replace it (Chen, 1997). As a result, site operationsare still rather primitive due to the shortage of practical hand tools. The abundantsupply of cheap labour further exacerbates the situation, causing the constructionindustry to lag behind in technology.The respondents rated  lack of first aid measures  as eighth, with a RII of 0.81. Ingeneral, construction firms have no first aid measures for emergency in China. This isrelated to the factors on  lack of attention from leaders  and  poor safety awarenessof managers .The respondents ranked  non-rigorous enforcement of safety regulations  ninth,with a RII of 0.74. While legislation on construction safety has been issued, ad-ministration still retains considerable powers, and government officials can influencelegal enforcements in local areas (Ding et al., 2000). Violation of the safe con-struction law often goes unpunished. For example, the qualification and certificationof company safety inspectors are stipulated by construction regulations; however, itis not uncommon for contractors to appoint people without the stipulated compe-tency for safety management. Meanwhile many clients do not consider past safetyrecords of contractors in the tender pre-qualification process of project procurement.
The respondents rated  lack of organizational commitment  as tenth, with a RII of0.71. Although all respondents claim they have organizational commitment, how-ever, as indicated by an interviewee, an official of the Ministry of Construction,many contractors just put commitments on paper but actually behave differently(Ding et al., 2000). For a construction project, the project manager s safety re-sponsibility should at least cover the following (MacCollum, 1995):1. preparation of a project safety plan;2. review of plans and specifications to identify the location and the nature of poten-tial hazards;3. review of specifications to identify appropriate safety standards and special safetyconditions;4. requiring construction superintendents to prepare a written safety plan for eachmajor phase of work, including hazard analysis for high-risk activities;5. insisting upon immediate reporting of all injuries, deaths, and property damage asa result of accidents;6. employment of qualified and certified safety inspectors and personnel.Sometimes, the safety management system requires site supervision staff to carryout a lot of documentation paperwork which may create frustrations leading tocompletion of the inspection forms without making any inspections at all (Dinget al., 2000).
In addition, the current labour union does not play an active role in defending therights of labour in the construction industry of China when compared with those inindustrialized countries, which are powerful and can insist that contractors providesafe working conditions and safety equipment to protect their workforces  rights andhealth (Kartam et al., 2000).6. Demands for governmental supportThe government should play an important role in safety management in theconstruction industry (Kartam et al., 2000). In this survey, respondents were askedto provide their opinions on an open-ended format on the ways that the governmentcan support safety management. Fig. 8 shows the results.Fig. 8 shows that 62% of the respondents indicated  financial aid  as the majortool. However, according to an interviewee, an official in the Ministry of Con-struction in charge of construction safety, the provision of financial aid is not feasibleunder the current government policy. 31% of the respondents felt that governmentshould 源Z自-751+文/论^文]网[www.751com.cn carry out more effective inspection. Currently the inspections are not con-ducted effectively as it is impossible to have sufficient inspectors to visit all work-places at all time and be there when new hazards arisen (MacCollum, 1995). 施工安全管理因素英文文献和中文翻译(3):http://www.751com.cn/fanyi/lunwen_53339.html