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    these changes were slight, which led to the conclusion that the
    theoretical principles used at the design of the system were sound
    and adequate to the reality of the Brisa network and of Portugal.
    In complementwith the systemvalidation, the data collected in
    the inspection campaign allowed a statistical analysis that revealed
    interesting aspects concerning road bridges expansion joints, both
    in terms of typology and pathology. These aspects are presented in
    detail in each section of the paper. The main conclusions that can
    be drawn from the inspection campaign are that:
     some types of joints have been systematically replaced (open
    joints, nosing joints with poured sealant, buried joints under
    continuous surfacing, steel sliding plates) inmany cases in favor
    of elastomeric solutions;
     made-to-order joints are no longer prescribed and designers
    systematically prescribe pre-fabricated solutions from specific
    manufacturers; the transition strip and the anchorage cavities need more
    maintenance andmore frequent rehabilitation than other parts;
    the type and frequency of defects is highly dependent on the
    type of joint and its age;
     installment errors and lack of maintenance are the most
    frequent causes of pathology (in around 66% of the cases),
    followed by changes from the predicted service conditions and
    fabrication errors;
     direct or indirect visual observation is still the best diagnosis
    method but acoustic/noise measurements use may be recom-
    mended in many cases;
     specific types of joints show specific needs in terms of
    maintenance / rehabilitation;
     the importance of the defects found depend a lot on the type
    of joint and of the defect; a bridge stock subjected to frequent
    maintenance seldom shows defects that require urgent or very
    urgent rehabilitation work.
    As a final remark, expansion joints have greatly improved in the
    last few years. A great contribution to that effect has been given by
    the establishment of companies specialized in this field that have
    developed and commercialized new types of joints, based mostly
    in multi-material solutions in which elastomeric materials play an
    important role. The campaign presented showed that there are no
    perfect solutions and therefore a capable maintenance is always
    required. It is necessary to keep on investing in the study of new
    or improved systems and materials, with special emphasis on the
    materials used in sealing anchorages and in transitions strips. In
    global terms and in what concerns the joints architecture's R & D,
    experience has shown that simpler systems, with fewer moving
    parts, are more reliable as they demand less maintenance and
    guarantee greater durability.
    Acknowledgements
    The authors thankfully acknowledge the support of the ICIST
    Research Institute from IST, Technical University of Lisbon, FCT
    (Foundation for Science and Technology), and Brisa, Highways of
    Portugal, S.A.
    References
    [1] SETRA/CTOA. Joints de chaussée des ponts routes. Eléments de choix.Méthodes
    de pose. Entretien et réparation, Service d'Études Techniques des Routes et
    Autoroutes. Ministère de l'Equipement du Logement de l'Aménagement du
    Territoire et des Transports  Direction des Routes. Bagneux (France). 1987.
    [2] Johnson ID, Cuninghame JR. The performance of expansion joints: A survey of
    250 joints on highway bridges. In: Proc. Bridge Management 2. 1993. p. 1107.
    [3] Marques Lima J, de Brito J. Management system for expansion joints of road
    bridges. Struct Infrastruct Eng 2007 [in press].
    [4] Marques Lima J. Expansion joints in road bridges  development of a
    management system. Masters in Construction Dissertation. Lisbon: Instituto
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