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Recent technology developments enable this opportunity.”The Department of Energy (DOE) in the US recommends a number of software options for predicting LCC and the efficiency of a HVAC system. These options are mainly to be used in the design phase of a building, although some have a use for retrofitting HVAC upgrades. The DOE sponsors a Building Energy Software Tools Directory that lists a number of software tools for building design and simulation that are available from the government and industry. These include the DOE-2, an energy analysis software program that calculates the hour-by-hour energy use of a building, given detailed information on the building’s location, construction, operation, and HVAC systems. A number of Windows-based versions of DOE-2 are commercially available.Sustainability in the labThe US Green Building Council promotes the work of projects around the country to improve energy efficiency. The organisation points towards a recent award winning project at a university in California, where the HVAC system was central to the upgrade. The project won a sustainability award in California for the energy efficient features in the building. This project was a 95,000 gross square feet science building at California State University, which housed a number of laboratories. The laboratories included over 150 fume hoods (devices designed to keep hazardous fumes out of the room air by exhausting them out of the building before anyone can potentially breathe them), Class II Type B3 biological safety cabinets, hazardous chemicals and cold storage rooms.The EPA has indicated that laboratories are consuming 5 to 10 times more energy per square foot than typical office buildings. The campus set an early fundamental goal to design a highly energy efficient laboratory building while providing a high standard of safety, health and comfort for the building occupants. The project set out to reduce cooling and heating loads through the use of energy efficiency glazing, efficient lighting, and the effective use of daylight. Also, enough space and shaft locations were to be provided to design efficient supply and exhaust ducting with minimal fittings.The project included numerous energy efficiency features used for the HVAC systems. The feature of manifolded variable air volume made use of the four variable air volume air handling units supplying air conditioned air to the building. Each unit had two separate cooling coils to provide two separate cold decks from each unit. One cold duct from each unit supplies the chemistry labs. The configuration allowed the supply ducts serving the Chemistry labs to operate at a higher supply air temperature since they required more ventilation airflow due to the relative high quantity of fume hoods in these labs. This resulted in reduced cooling loads and reheat requirements. A whole-building approach was adopted to reduce cooling loads further by designing a highly efficient building envelope (doors, windows and walls) and lighting system. Heat from high wattage laboratory equipment was grouped when appropriate and exhausted to minimize impact on space cooling loads. Occupancy sensors were used in the office spaces to reduce cooling requirements when unoccupied. Fume hood zone presence sensors were used to lower fume hood face velocity to 60 fpm (feet per minute) when nothing was in front of fume hood. And airflow was cascaded from the offices as make-up air to the laboratories to reduce airflow, cooling and reheat requirements.Other features included Low-Pressure Drop Design, Right-Sizing Equipment, whereby the additional cost of energy monitoring and state-of-the-art laboratory controls systems was offset with the capital cost savings of right-sizing the HVAC equipment and corresponding electrical systems. A 70% airflow persity factor was used for sizing the variable volume exhaust fans and supply air systems. System monitoring since occupancy has shown that the building now operates with an airflow persity of 50-60%.Direct digital control and utility metering was also a feature – recommended by most HVAC equipment manufacturers as a vital addition to the process.Building greenThe Green Building Council says the campus has been recording operating data and energy usage in the building since initial occupancy. It says: “The laboratory building is using less energy (161 British Thermal Units (BTU)/sf-yr) than some of the other non-laboratory buildings on campus. We still believe there is flexibility in the design to optimize control strategies now that the building is fully occupied. The campus has begun a retro-commissioning project to retro-commission the mechanical systems utilizing the historical trend data collected.