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Silva, R.; Martínez, M.L.; Hesp, P.; Catalan, P.; Osorio, A. F.; Martell, R.; Fossati, M.; Miot da Silva, G.; Mariño-Tapia, I.; Pereira, P.; Cienfuegos, R.; Klein, A., and Govaere, G., 2014. Present and future challenges of coastal erosion in Latin America. In: Silva, R., and Strusińska-Correia, A. (eds.), Coastal Erosion and Management along Developing Coasts: Selected Cases. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 71, pp. 1–16. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The coastal zones of Latin America have many landforms and environments, including sedimentary cliffs, deeply incised estuaries, headlands, barrier coasts and low lying, muddy coastal plains. These forms will respond differently to the expected changes in climate and associated sea level rise, which may produce coastal erosion in the future. Considering the coasts of Latin America overall, erosion is not yet a serious threat, although it is widespread and it is severe in some parts. Major erosion problems are frequently associated with human intervention in sediment supply, with poor planning or with the morphodynamic nature of the coast. Permanent erosional processes, locally or regionally, are caused by tectonic subsidence, deforestation and the fragmentation of coastal ecosystems, land use changes and sediment deficits because of infrastructure built along the coast. In this article we analyse coastal erosion in Latin America and the challenges it presents to the region. We first highlight the relevance of Latin America in terms of its biopersity; then we describe the population at risk, demographic trends and economic growth throughout the low lying coastal zones. We also examine the vulnerability of the region by analyzing the resilience of key coastal ecosystems after exposure to the most frequent hazards that affect coastal zones in Latin America, namely tropical cyclones, sea level rise, ocean acidification, earthquakes and tsunamis. Finally, we discuss seven case studies of coastal erosion across Latin America. We close the study by pinpointing the main areas of concern in Latin America and explore possible strategies to overcome erosion and thus sustain economic growth, minimize population risk and maintain biopersity. 62285
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ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Coastal erosion, Low lying coastal areas, Low elevation coastal zone, coastal hazards, coastal resilience, Latin America. INTRODUCTION The morphology of coastal regions has always been partly shaped by erosion processes. Indeed the evolution of the Earth´s physical environment as a whole owes much to erosion. These processes were not given much attention until the adverse economic, social or environmental effects felt by communities began to be linked to erosion. In the Americas, long before the Conquest, several native navigation techniques (coastal, lacustrine and fluvial) existed, with numerous, perse wooden crafts being used (Biar, 2014). The construction of larger ports and associated infrastructure took place when Spaniards arrived in America and commerce with Europe became important (e.g., O’Rourke and Williamson, 2002). The necessity for harbours, and then new coastal settlements, was followed by the construction of infrastructure and thus began the intensive modification of the coasts of The New World. For over four centuries land management, both inland and coastal, did not consider the coastal zone as an integral part of hydrological units such as watersheds. The consequence was that the relevance of coastal morphodynamics was not taken into account until recently, when it became apparent that this was essential for the security and economic wellbeing of coastal populations. The coastal zones of Latin America feature a wide range of land forms. Expected climate change will bring about sea level rise and the different landforms will respond in different ways (e.g., Muehe, 2010). Therefore, it is necessary to explore the potential vulnerability of the distinct coastal types in response to climate change. Since risk to people is a key factor in vulnerability, the risk is greatest in the urbanized coasts, where the greatest impacts are expected to be caused by floods. However, the absence of long-term observations of oceanographic data and detailed topo-bathymetric data (e.g., González-Vázquez et al., 2014) presents a major difficulty for the evaluation of different risk scenarios at local level and consequently for the application of strategies aimed at minimizing these impacts on the population. Coastal erosion along Latin American shorelines, although widespread and in some parts severe, is not yet seen as a serious threat considering the coast as a whole. Major erosion problems are most frequently associated with human intervention in the sediment flux or are associated with the morphodynamic nature of river mouths (e.g., Muehe, 2010).