摘 要:洪希文是元代难得的一位既能致力于教育事业而又能潜心创作、笔耕不已的诗人词家。他为人坚韧,学养深厚,著述较丰,仅诗歌词作就多达五百多首,在元代诗歌史上占有不可小觑的一席之位。他的诗词取材广泛,内容丰富且极具生活气息,风格多样,不仅继承了前人作品的一些风格特征并使之延续下来,对后人诗词创作也产生了一定的影响。对其作品,笔者只有反复吟,才能臻其妙境,将自己融入诗词中,领略其深层内涵,做到与洪希文展开心与心的沟通,实现灵魂的洗涤与升华。57040
Abstract: Hong Xiwen is a rare poet and writer in Yuan Dynasty, who is able to devote himself to education career and never stop writing. He is tough and wide, and he has a large amount of writings, among which there are more than 500 pieces of poems, for which he plays an important role in the history of poetry in Yuan Dynasty. The themes of his poetry are abundant, the contents have closely relationship with life and the styles of that are quite different, which is not only inherited the predecessors’ work but also has effect on writing poetry of later generations. On his works, only through reciting repeatedly can the author bury himself in the poetry and understand the meaning between lines so that the author can communicate with Hong Xiwen in heart and realize the washing and sublimation of the soul.
Key words: Hong Xiwen; Literature in Yuan Dynasty; Ci on the tea; Ci on the plum blossom
洪希文,字汝质,号去华山人,生活于元世祖至元十九年。元蒙代宋,当家族面对残暴的统治者时,他的父亲洪德章展现出民族气节,拒绝仕元,毅然决然带着家人入山隐居。艰苦却远离纷扰的隐居生活不仅丰富了洪希文的学识,也培养了他坚韧不屈的品质。之后洪希文在住地办学,招收当地子弟入学。元仁宗皇庆元年(公元1312年),已三十岁的洪希文在友人的邀请下开始设馆收徒,为了让那些遭受到元朝统治者严重摧残的兴化教育重新复兴起来,洪希文自己亲任教授,从负责民间书院到负责地方官学,他将他的一生都献给了教书育人这份事业,并且兢兢业业,从不埋怨。然而元朝的官场尔虞我诈,十分黑暗,为人正直的洪希文总是遭人排挤、打击,最终被罢了官职,至正年(公元1366年)病逝于家乡。[1] (P1-P2)洪希文的一生,笔耕不已,著作较丰,尤其值得称道的是他把自己的生活浓缩进诗词之中,为我们留下了五百多首可圈可点的诗词佳作;同时,这些诗词作品,也为他在元代诗坛乃至整个古代诗歌史上争得了不可小觑的一席之位。
一 题材内容
洪希文的诗词主要有五言绝句、五言古风、六言绝句、七言绝句、七言律诗、词调等,取材较为广泛,颇富生活气息,然笔之所至,书写更多的则主要为品茶、赏梅、参禅悟道。
(一)品茶
洪希文在山区开馆办学,虽然生活艰苦,但是他常常是一杯香茶,一本诗书,畅饮歌赋,自得其乐。
对于中国的茶文化,洪希文是情有独钟,痴醉不已。他的《煮土茶歌》[2](P85)这样唱道:
论茶自古称壑源,品茶无出钟灵泉。莆中苦茶出土产,乡自汲井水煎。器新火活清永,且从平地休登仙。王侯第宅斗绝品,揣分不到山翁前。临风一啜心自省,此意莫与他人传。
在这首诗中,洪希文对家乡的苦茶赞不绝口:自古以来,论茶品茗,总要讲究其产地及泡茶所取用的水源。可莆中土生土长的苦茶,既不名贵,也无名泉煎煮,仅用本地自汲的井水、用新器活火煮泡,就能使之清新隽永、醇香缭绕,就这样朴质无华、安于平凡不是挺好吗?又何须羡慕那些所谓的饮之就有飘飘欲仙之感的名茶呢?那些王侯贵府相互比斗的极品又怎能到得了寻常百姓家呢?试想,辛劳一天之后,疲惫和溽热交加之时,若能泡上一杯这样的苦茶,临风轻啜,该是多么地沁人心脾、爽神醒脑啊!此中真意又怎能与他人言传呢?显然,这是一首借茶寓意、充满理趣的诗作,末尾两句可谓点睛之笔,由此,我们似乎真切地感受到了洪希文内心的坦然自适与妙境旨趣,这也正是他悠游山水、旷然豁达的写照。