毕业论文关键词：语法化，话语标记语，礼貌，不礼貌
CONTENTS
Acknowledgmentsi
Abstractii
摘要..iii
1 Introduction    2
2 Grammaticalization, Politeness and Discourse Markers    3
2.1 Issue of Grammaticalization    3
2.2 Politeness Principle    4
2.3 Discourse Markers    5
3 Grammaticalization of the Phrases: Moving from Politeness to Impoliteness    7
3.1 “Zàijiàn”    7
3.2 “Bàituō”    8
3.3 “Suíyì”    10
3.4 “Būgǎndāng”    11
4 Motivation of the Grammaticalization of the Impolite Discourse Markers in Mandarin          Chinese    13
5 Conclusion    15
1 Introduction
The development of grammaticalization has a long history. Grammaticalization is defined as “the change whereby lexical items and constructions come in certain linguistic contexts to serve grammatical functions, and once grammaticalized, continue to develop new grammatical functions” (Hopper and Traugott 2003:18). It is believed that Meillet (1912) is the first person to coin the term “grammaticalization”.  

In the process of grammaticalization, lexical items may shift from propositional to pragmatic function, encoding features of speaker attitude (subjectification), thus expanding their range of functions to act as discourse markers. Discourse marker is defined as sequentially dependent elements which bracket units of talk (Schiffrin, 1987:31). Discourse markers are used to direct or redirect the flow of conversation without adding any significant paraphrasable meaning to the discourse so are more common in informal conversations.

Along the cline of grammaticalization, some polite discourse may change into impolite discourse acquiring the status of discourse markers. The paper is devoted to the study on how some polite expressions in Mandarin Chinese move towards impolite ones in the process of grammaticalization and acquire the status of quasi-discourse markers (Miao 2014) or full discourse markers.

2 Grammaticalization, Politeness and Discourse Markers
The three concepts grammaticalization, politeness and discourse markers are closely related to each other. Grammaticalization of lexical items may produce grammatical items with semantic bleaching, the loss of lexical contents. And the main feature of a discourse marker is that it doesn’t add positional content to an utterance. So discourse markers are believed to be yielded by grammaticalization. In the process of grammaticalization, after the lexical items with politeness are grammaticalized, they may get enriched with strong emotions like irony, anger or disdain so that they connote impoliteness.
2.1 Issues of Grammaticalization
The term “grammaticalization” itself was apparently coined by the French linguist Antoine Meillet. In a well-known definition, Meillet writes of “the attribution of grammatical character to an erstwhile autonomous word” (Meillet 1912). Grammaticalization, also known as grammaticalization or grammaticalization by some other scientists refers to a process by which common lexical items become grammaticalized and continue to obtain grammatical functions in certain linguistic contexts. In these certain linguistic contexts, speakers apply constructions with grammatical functions and after some time, newly produced grammatical constituents will be more grammaticalized due to more grammatical functions achieved. 从礼貌到不礼貌普通话中话语标记语的语法化(2):http://www.751com.cn/yingyu/lunwen_31205.html