建筑节能投资决策英文文献和中文翻译

A multiple objective optimisation model is formulated to help decision makers to make an optimal decision when investing in energy-efﬁcient building retroﬁtting. The objectives are to maximise the energy savings and minimise the payback period for a given ﬁxed initial investment. The model is formulated as a multi-objective optimisation problem with the net present value (NPV), initial investment, energy target and payback period as constraints and it is solved using genetic algorithms (GAs). The optimal decision is reached by choosing the most optimal actions during energy retroﬁt in buildings. The model is applied to a case study of a building with 25 facilities that can be retroﬁtted that illustrates the potential of high energy savings and short payback periods. The sensitivity analysis is also performed by analysing the inﬂuence of the auditing error of the facilities, wrongly speciﬁed energy savings, the initial investment,changes in interest rate and the changes of electricity prices on the payback period, the maximum energy saved and NPV of the investment. The outcome of this analysis proves that the model is robust.1. Introduction 20220
The current energy shortage around the world is the reason that
energy efﬁciency is a subject of interest today. The most viable
option to counteract this problem is by reducing the current energy
consumption. With buildings consuming around 40% of the world’s
total energy [1], it would be beneﬁcial to invest in building energy
efﬁciency retroﬁt projects. In order to improve the energy efﬁ-
ciency of buildings, inefﬁcient facilities are often replaced by highly
advanced energy efﬁcient ones. A whole range of facilities can be
retroﬁtted if there is unlimited funding, although usually this is not
the case. Nevertheless the following are some of the retroﬁt actions
that can be taken [2–4]:
• Building improvements – insulating the roof, replacing the sin-gle glazing windows with double glazing windows and installing
solar shading.
• HVAC system improvements – installing energy efﬁcient systems with advanced controls.
• Energy efﬁcient lighting – replacing incandescent lighting by compact ﬂuorescent lighting (CFL) or LED lighting.
• Replacing inefﬁcient equipment – replacing cathode ray tube
(CRT) computer monitors with liquid crystal displays (LCD).
• Electromechanical improvements – installing power factor cor-
recting capacitors to improve the power factor.
The main problem is that most investors are reluctant to invest
in energy saving projects such as retroﬁt projects. This is because
such projects are often not able to compete with other investments
within the institutions or companies due to unclear beneﬁts. But
this is not the case if an investment in energy-efﬁciency projects
is made with the help of decision making tools that can identify
large monetary savings. Furthermore, this makes energy efﬁciency
projects competitive with other projects. A decision can be made
using the following two approaches [5–9]:
• In the ﬁrst approach, an energy expert carries out an energy 建筑节能投资决策英文文献和中文翻译:http://www.751com.cn/fanyi/lunwen_11918.html