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increase sales, help improve public image or to improve employee morale, cor-
porate community involvement or corporate giving to charitable organizations
can help sustain the bottom line for business in the long-term. When corpora-
tions engage in philanthropy for these reasons, they are simply acting out of
economic motives, based on their economic responsibility, as opposed to a dis-
tinct philanthropic obligation.
Incomplete Development of Economic, Legal, and Ethical Domains
Another issue with Carroll's model is the incomplete discussion and inclu-
sion of criteria for assessing corporate activities or motives as falling into each
of the domains, especially the legal and ethical domains. Carroll provides little
discussion of how corporations may engage in multiple domains other than by
suggesting that a toy manufacturer making safe toys would be complying si-
multaneously with its economic, legal, and ethical responsibilities (1979: 501).
Such a cursory discussion limits the theoretical foundation that is necessary to
utilize the model for certain kinds of empirical study and for teaching purposes.
The economic, legal, and ethical domains will now be expounded upon.
Economac domain. Carroll defines the economic domain of CSR as follows
(1991: 40A2): '4Perform in a manner consistent with maximizing earnings per
share, being as profitable as possible, maintaining a strong competitive position
and high level of operating efficiency." It may be that this definition fails to
capture certain economic activities. The new model will clarify the economic
domain below.
Legal domain. Carroll's category of legal responsibility is defined as obey-
ing or complying with the law (1979, 500; 1993: 33). The legal responsibility is
depicted as reflecting a view of "codified ethics" in the sense that law embodies
basic notions of fairness as established by our lawmakers. It is stressed that it is
business's responsibility to comply with these laws. A broader appreciation of
the legal system and its influence on corporate activities indicates a much wider
range of legally-based activities that ought to be discussed. For example, legal-
ity may be broken down into three general categories: (i) compliance; (ii)
avoidance of civil litigation; and (iii) anticipation of the law. Each of these will
be more fully discussed in the presentation of the new model. 508
BUSINESS ETHICS QUARTERLY
Ethical domain. The ethical domain of CSR includes those activities that are
based on their adherence to a set of ethical or moral standards or principles.
Carroll's definition of the ethical domain is not broadly developed (1991: 41).
He defines the ethical domain of CSR as any activities or practices that are
expected or prohibited by society members although not codified into law. They