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    ing load of the building is not taken into consideration and the heat
    storage capacity of the building envelope is neglected. While heat-
    ing is required in a region, cooling is needed in another region of
    Turkey. Because Turkey has a wide geographical area and different
    climatic regions. Bulut [16] showed that Turkey should be pided
    into five different heating degree-day and three different cooling
    degree-day regions. Aktacir and Büyükalaca [17] emphasized in
    result of study that the cooling-degree days for the main provinces
    S anlıurfa (South-eastern Anatolia Region), Antalya (MediterraneanRegion), Istanbul (Marmara Region) and Zonguldak (Black Sea Re-
    gion) at 22 C base temperature are 933 h, 550 h, 104 h and 6 h,
    respectively, although all these cities are listed in the second region
    in TS 825. But, these provinceswere positioned into the different re-
    gions according to their cooling-degree day values by Bulut [16].
    Similarly, Yılmaz [7] investigated thermal performance of the same
    typical residential building in Istanbul and Mardin. Istanbul and
    Mardin are considered in the second region in TS 825, however
    those are in temperate-humid and hot-dry climatic zones, respec-
    tively. The study showed that cooling load in the same building in
    Mardin is bigger than that of Istanbul.
    It is stated in TS825 that insulation should be applied according
    to PrEN ISO 13791 ‘‘Thermal performance of buildings – Internal
    temperatures in summer of a room without mechanical cooling –
    General criteria and calculation procedures” for cooling if neces-
    sary. However, this approach is not followed in Turkey even in
    the buildings for which cooling is more important than heating.
    Bolattürk [18] studied the optimum insulation thicknesses for
    external walls of buildings using cooling and heating degree-hours
    in the warmest regions of Turkey. Results of his study showed that
    use of cooling degree-hours is more suitable in these regions.
    Ensuring the effective thermal insulation in regions, where the
    cooling requirement of building with respect to heating require-
    ment is dominant, is very important from the aspect of energy
    economy. In some provinces of Turkey, such as the South-eastern
    Anatolia Region and in the coastal provinces located in the Medi-
    terranean and Aegean Regions, which have a hot dry or hot humid
    climate and a longer cooling season (about 7 month) than heating
    season [17,19], the thermal insulation applied considering only
    heating energy consumption using degree-day concept may be
    insufficient during summer. Parallel to the economic growth of
    the country, package air-conditioners are used more and more fre-
    quently for thermal comfort in these regions. This can be seen
    clearly from Table 1 that shows the number of the split type and
    variable refrigerant flow (VRF) type package air-conditioners sold
    in Turkey during 1998–2006 [20].
    In some countries, special procedures are followed for the re-
    gions having hot and longer summers and warm winters. The local
    energy conservation design standards used for residential buildings
    in Shanqai of China and the Single Family Housing Programs used in
    Colorado only at locations exceeding 600 cooling degree-day at
    18.3 C base temperaturemay be given as examples [21,22] to these
    procedures. Furthermore, AS2627.1–1993, ‘‘Thermal insulation of
    roof/ceilings and walls in dwellings” is uniquely and specificallyAustralian in that it deals with heating and cooling aspects with
    equal emphasis. It nominates the optimum amount of thermal
    resistance for 760 climate locations throughout Australia [23].
    3. Sample building and thermal insulation
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