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Energies 2013, 6 5006
The importance of hazardous gaseous releases containing methane was recently highlighted by Chen et al. [10] who studied the relationship between different equivalent ratios and gas explosion dynamic behavior with the aim of providing guidance for preventing and controlling gas explosion disasters. A statistical survey on accidents occurring in the coal sector based on FACTS data bank (managed by the Unified Industrial & Harbour Fire Department in Rotterdam-Rozenburg-NL) evidenced that from the beginning of this century to 2011, 72 accidents connected to coal were recorded: 19 with fatalities and 28 with injuries [11]. Making reference to the main accident scenario classification, as expected from coal inherent hazards, the highest percentage of entries corresponds to Explosion (47.8%), followed by Fire (35.8%) and Release (16.4%). Recalling the classification into three main headlines of accident causes and the subsequent analysis of concurring causes [12], plant/process accounted for 35.3% of total entries, organization collected 49.9% of entries, while the remaining 14.8% are connected to environment. Long term accident analysis on occupational accidents revealed as well the determining contribution of so-called human factors to the accident severity, especially in the process sector [13]. In many instances, moderate releases of flammable gases in confined or semi-confined geometry are known to present a serious risk, since explosive mixtures may form. Therefore, there is a need in the assessment of the maximum admissible gas build-up, in connection with adverse effects, so as to foresee the effectiveness of techniques in reducing the possible consequences of the unwanted events. In this paper, theoretical investigation on low rate continuous release under semi-confined conditions is presented, in the context of preventing related accident evolving scenarios, by designing proper technical and managerial measures. The main purpose of this work is to develop a simplified mathematical approach for the evaluation of the maximum allowed hazardous substance build-up is developed, considering the intrinsic hazards of the released compound. The remainder of this paper includes a description of the short-cut method and an example of its application to a coke dry distillation process, in semi-confined volumes, after a proper experimental characterization of the gas potentially involved. The results will help to understand and assess small hazardous releases consequences in closed area and therefore to set-up appropriate control measures. A comparative simulation using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques is presented to validate the obtained figures with detailed data such as the mole fraction of flammable gas, the flammable region, the spatial dispersion. In fact, as commented by Mazzoldi et al. [14], CFD can be applied for the most rigorous treatment of the physics of fluid flows and atmospheric dispersion within the framework of pipeline risk assessment. The here-developed methodology can be applied to more complex situations, allowing, as well, the attainment of a more generalized approach for the design, once given the release parameters, the building and plant layout.
固有安全设计方法的主要原则是降低而不是控制他们的附加保护屏障所使用的材料和操作相关的危害。这种方法最近也适用于新兴的燃料/能源技术（例如，[5,6]）。尽管改进设计和工艺管理，钢铁行业是最大的能源消耗全球工业界，与预期的钢铁产量提高，在未来的几十年中[7]，使COG将继续产生大量的未来作为焦炭不能被取代的高炉。因此，尽管对本质安全材料的不断移动，危险有毒/可燃气体意外泄漏仍然代表在煤炭加工行业是一个严重问题。即使爆炸性环境的发展潜力一般是典型的分类，在重大危险源产业，它也有可能在其他行业，易燃材料处理和要求的基础上，从分析的系统的详细知识开始的概率风险评价的定量方法[ 8。焦炉煤气离开焦炉后的组合物是相当复杂的：在冷却阶段，以不同的焦油和洗涤过程消除NH 3，H 2 S和苯，甲苯，二甲苯（BTX）后，气体中含有H 2（55％-60％）， CH 4（23％-27％），CO（5％-8％），CO 2（<2％），与其它碳氢化合物（HC）的小比例的[9]。能源含有甲烷气体有害排放的重要性，最近Chen等人强调。 [10]谁研究与防治瓦斯爆炸灾害提供指导的目的是不同的当量比和瓦斯爆炸动态行为之间的关系。在基于事实数据的银行，煤炭板块出现意外一项统计调查（由统一的工业和港口消防部门在鹿特丹，罗曾堡-NL管理）证明，从本世纪初至2011年，72意外连接到煤炭记录：19人死亡，28受伤[11]。参考的主要事故场景分类，煤炭固有的风险预期，条目的比例最高相当于爆炸（47.8％），其次是火（35.8％）和Release（16.4％）。回顾分类成的事故原因三个主要标题和并存原因随后的分析[12]，植物/处理占总条目的35.3％，收集到的组织的条目49.9％，而剩余的14.8％被连接到环境中。关于职业事故长期的事故分析显示，以及所谓的人为因素对事故严重程度的决定作用，尤其是在这个过程中机构[13]。在许多情况下，在密闭或半密闭的几何形状的可燃气体的适中排放已知提出一个严重的风险，因为爆炸混合物可以形成。因此，有必要在最高容许气体积聚，与不良影响的连接的评估，以便预见的技术的有效性在降低不需要的事件的可能后果。在本文中，上半密闭条件下的低利率不断释放理论研究提出，在预防事故的相关情况不断变化，通过设计适当的技术和管理措施的情况下。这项工作的主要目的是开发用于所允许的最大有害物质积聚评价一个简化的数学方法被开发的，考虑到释放化合物的内在危险。在本文的其余部分，包括短切方法的描述及其应用到焦炭干式蒸馏方法的一个例子，在半密闭卷，之后可能涉及的气体的恰当的实验表征。研究结果将有助于了解和评价小毒物泄漏后果禁区，因此要建立适当的控制措施。利用计算流体动力学（CFD）技术的比较仿真被呈现给验证所获得的详细数据的数据，例如可燃气体的摩尔分数，在可燃区域，空间分散。事实上，由Mazzoldi等评论。 [14]，计算流体力学可应用于最严格的处理流体流动和管道的风险评估的框架内的大气分散体的物理的。在这里开发的方法可以应用到更复杂的情况下，允许，以及，实现为设计一个更广义的方法中，一旦给定的释放参数，建筑和工厂布局。