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    plastic packaging because of the different handlingcharacteristics of rigid packaging. The low weight-to-volume ratio of films and plastic bags also makes itless economically viable to invest in the necessary col-lection and sorting facilities. However, plastic films arecurrently recycled from sources including secondarypackaging such as shrink-wrap of pallets and boxesand some agricultural films, so this is feasible underthe right conditions. Approaches to increasing the re-cycling of films and flexible packaging could includeseparate collection, or investment in extra sorting andprocessing facilities at recovery facilities for handlingmixed plastic wastes. In order to have successful recy-cling of mixed plastics, high-performance sorting ofthe input materials needs to be performed to ensurethat plastic types are separated to high levels of purity;there is, however, a need for the further developmentof endmarkets for each polymer recyclate stream.The effectiveness of post-consumer packaging recy-cling could be dramatically increased if the persity ofmaterials were to be rationalized to a subset of currentusage. For example, if rigid plastic containers rangingfrom bottles, jars to trays were all PET, HDPE and PP,without clear PVC or PS, which are problematic tosort from co-mingled recyclables, then all rigid plasticpackaging could be collected and sorted to makerecycled resins with minimal cross-contamination. Thelosses of rejected material and the value of the recycledresins would be enhanced. In addition, labels andadhesive materials should be selected to maximize recy-cling performance. Improvements in sorting/separationwithin recycling plants give further potential for bothhigher recycling volumes, and better eco-efficiency bydecreasing waste fractions, energy and water use (see§3). The goals should be to maximize both thevolume and quality of recycled resins.9. CONCLUSIONSIn summary, recycling is one strategy for end-of-lifewaste management of plastic products. It makesincreasing sense economically as well as environmen-tally and recent trends demonstrate a substantialincrease in the rate of recovery and recycling of plasticwastes. These trends are likely to continue, but somesignificant challenges still exist from both technologi-cal factors and from economic or social behaviourissues relating to the collection of recyclable wastes,and substitution for virgin material.Recycling of a wider range of post-consumer plasticpackaging, together with waste plastics from consumergoods and ELVs will further enable improvement inrecovery rates of plastic waste and persion fromlandfills. Coupled with efforts to increase the use andspecification of recycled grades as replacement ofvirgin plastic, recycling of waste plastics is an effectiveway to improve the environmental performance of thepolymer industry.REFERENCESACRR 2004 Good practices guide on waste plastics recycling.Brussels, Belgium: Association of Cities and Regions forRecycling.Aguado, J., Serrano, D. P. & San Miguel, G. 2007 Europeantrends in the feedstock recycling of plastic wastes. GlobalNEST J. 9, 12–19.Andrady, A. 1994 Assessment of environmental biodegrada-tion of synthetic polymers. Polym. Rev. 34, 25–76.(doi:10.1080/15321799408009632)Andrady, A. 2003 An environmental primer. In Plastics andthe environment (ed. A. Andrady), pp. 3–76. Hoboken,NJ: Wiley Interscience.Andrady, A. L. & Neal,M. A. 2009 Applications and societalbenefits of plastics. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 364, 1977–1984. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0304) APME 2004 An analysis of plastics consumption and recovery inEurope. Brussels, Belgium: Association of PlasticManufacturers Europe.Arena,U.,Mastellone,M.&Perugini,F. 2003Life cycle assess-ment of a plastic packaging recycling system. Int. J. LifeCycle Assess. 8,92–98.(doi:10.1007/BF02978432)Arvanitoyannis, I. & Bosnea, L. 2001 Recycling of polymericmaterials used for food packaging: current status andperspectives. Food Rev. Int. 17, 291–346. (doi:10.1081/FRI-100104703)ASTM Standard D5033 2000 Standard guide to developmentof ASTM standards relating to recycling and use of recycledplastics. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International(doi:10.1520/D5033-00)British Plastics Federation 2008. Oil consumption See http://www.bpf.co.uk/Oil_Consumption.aspx (20 October 2008).Barnes, D. K. A., Galgani, F., Thompson, R. C. & Barlaz, M.2009 Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debrisin global environments. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 364,1985–1998. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0205)Chanda, M. & Roy, S. 2007 Plastics technology handbook.4th edn. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.DEFRA 2007 Waste strategy factsheets. See http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/strategy/factsheets/land-filltax.htm (26 November 2008).Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) 2005Benefits of recycling. Australia: Parramatta.Department of Environment and Heritage (Australia) 2008Plastic bags. See http://www.ephc.gov.au/ephc/plastic_bags.html (26 November 2008).Department of EnvironmentHeritage and LocalGovernment(Ireland) 2007 Plastic bags. See http://www.environ.ie/en/Environment/Waste/PlasticBags (26 November 2008).Drelich, J., Payne, J., Kim, T. & Miller, J. 1998 Selectivefroth floatation of PVC from PVC/PET mixtures for theplastics recycling industry. Polym. Eng. Sci. 38, 1378.(doi:10.1002/pen.10308)EEA 2008 Better management of municipal waste will reducegreenhouse gas emissions. Copenhagen, Denmark:European Environment Agency.Fisher, M. 2003 Plastics recycling. In Plastics and the environ-ment (ed. A. Andrady), pp. 563–627. Hoboken, NJ:Wiley Interscience.Fletcher, B. & Mackay, M. 1996 A model of plastics recy-cling: does recycling reduce the amount of waste?Resour. Conserv. Recycling 17, 141–151. (doi:10.1016/0921-3449(96)01068-3)Frosch, R. & Gallopoulos, N. 1989 Strategies for manufac-turing. Sci. Am. 261, 144–152.Garforth, A., Ali, S., Hernandez-Martinez, J. & Akah, A.2004 Feedstock recycling of polymer wastes. Curr. Opin.Solid State Mater. Sci. 8, 419–425. (doi:10.1016/j.cossms.2005.04.003)Gilpin,R.,Wagel,D.&Solch, J. 2003Production, distribution,and fate of polycholorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofur-ans, and related organohalogens in the environment. InDioxins and health (eds A. Schecter & T. Gasiewicz),
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