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影响混凝土浇筑劳动生产率的可建造性因素英文文献和翻译Buildability Factors Influencing Concreting Labor Productivity Improving labor productivity of in situ reinforced concrete construction is necessary because of the importance of this material to the industry. Several factors influence labor productivity, but buildability is among the most important. Despite the plethora of research into construction productivity reported over the years, a thorough examination of the literature revealed a dearth of research into the effects of buildability factors on the efficiency of the concreting operation. Because concreting is an integral, labor intensive, trade of in situ reinforced concrete construction, the objective of this research is to explore the influence of primary buildability factors on concreting labor productivity. In achieving this objective, a sufficiently large volume of productivity data was collected and analyzed by using the categorical-regression method. As a result, the effects and relative influence of: (1) concrete workability; (2) reinforcing steel congestion; (3) volume of pours; and (4) height relative to ground level, on labor productivity of skipped and pumped placement methods are determined and quantified. The findings show significant impacts of factors investigated on the efficiency of the concreting operation, which can provide designers with feedback on how well their designs consider the requirements of the buildability concept, and the tangible consequences of their decisions on the productivity of the operatives. Practical recommendations, moreover, are presented, which upon implementations, may improve the buildability level of this trade, thus translate into higher labor productivity and lower labor cost. On the other hand, the depicted patterns of results can provide guidance to construction managers for effective planning and efficient labor and plant utilization.5996
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Introduction
Construction is the world's largest and most challenging industry (Tucker 1986). On average, it contributes one-half of the gross capital and three to 8% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in most countries (Arditi and Mochtar 2000). Consequently, improvement in the productivity of this industry can result in achieving lower production costs, and thus higher demands for building construction, which may translate into higher wages and ultimately, higher standards of living.
Several factors affect labor productivity but, buildability is among the most important (Adams 1989; Horner et al. 1989; Jarkas 2005). Buildability, as defined by the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA), is “the extent to which the design of a building facilitates ease of construction, subject to the overall requirements for the completed building” (CIRIA 1983).
Buildable design leads to higher labor productivity and lower construction cost (Munshi 1992; Dong 1996; Carter 1999; Williamson 1999; Nima et al. 2002). The influence of buildability on the construction process has been the subject of numerous previous studies (O’Connor et al. 1986; Griffith 1987; O’Connor et al. 1987; O’Connor and Victoria 1988; Hyde 1995; Alshawi and Underwood 1996; Moore 1996a, b; Fischer and Tatum 1997; Poh and Chen 1998; Cheetham and Lewis 2001; Jergeas and Put 2001; Nima et al. 2002; Pulaski and Horman 2005; Lam et al. 2007; Trigunarsyah 2007, 2004; Lam and Wong 2009; Saghatforoush et al. 2009) to name a few. However, a thorough examination of the literature revealed a dearth of research into the influence of buildability on labor productivity of an integral trade of in situ reinforced concrete construction; namely, concreting.
In most countries, the cost of the concreting trade constitutes approximately one-third of the overall cost of the reinforced concrete frame (Illingworth 2000). Of this, the labor cost comprises, on average, 30 percent (McTague and Jergeas 2002). Nevertheless, the influence of buildability on this labor intensive trade is yet to be investigated and quantified.
The specified concrete workability; congestion of reinforcement; volume and height of pours above ground level, are primary factors which can significantly impact the efficiency of the concreting operation. Therefore, the objective of this research is to determine and quantify their effects and relative influence on the labor productivity of both, skipped and pumped concreting placement methods.