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7.3. Research on preparation of traditional Chinese medicine
Processing and preparation of TCM materials can lead to the positive results of purification, attenuation, potentiation, or even conversion of medicine properties. In recent years, Jilin Province has adopted the modern technologies and facilities such as HPLC, capillary electrophoresis chromatography, HPLC-MS and GC-MS in the research and analysis of the preparation of TCM materials. Stringent quality standard and standardized processing procedures have been developed for 16 TCM materials in common use.
8. Research on standardized processing of ginseng
8.1. Determination of an area suitable for ginseng cultivation
Cultivation of ginseng is mainly done in China, North Korea, South Korea, Japan, and Russia. Changbai Mountain area is the major producer of ginseng in the world. It holds 80% of the total output of ginseng in China and 60-70% of the world output. The best land for ginseng growing is the area in 40-48oN and 117-137oE [16]. To determine the best area for ginseng cultivation, the attaching function model is developed based on the fuzzy set theory with the five factors of annual precipitation, atmosphere relative humidity, sea level, maximum temperature and frostless period which is expressed by the equation。 The result shows that 12 counties in Jilin Province, including Changbai, Fusong, Jingyu, and Jian, are the optimum ginseng cultivation areas.
8.2. Variety selection of ginseng
Based on 30 years’ hard work, Jilin Province has selected four variety groups of ginseng. The annual yield of ginseng and saponin content in ginseng are shown in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.
8.3. Illumination management of ginseng/
Ginseng is a sciophilic (shade-loving) plant and illumination management is needed in its cultivation. The photosynthetic rate of ginseng is greatly related to illumination, temperature, humidity, variety, season, and plant age. In Jilin Province, illumination intensity is adjusted and controlled according to different growing seasons and plant ages and that improved the quality and increased the yield. Cultivation test of ginseng in a photic shed using films of different colors showed that vivid scent and flavescent film (more red light pass through) increased ginseng yield by 39% in comparison with hyaline (colorless) film and by 11% in comparison with red film. Dark-colored films (red, green, blue, violet, and yellow), especially saturate-virent (dark green) film, affected the normal growth, had reduced-sized leaves and roots, and decreased the yield, and the dark blue film decreased saponin content in root [17], whereas the violet film and yellow film increased saponin content in root by 10-12% [17].
8.4. Fertilization of ginseng
Absorption, accumulation, and distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in ginseng plants increase with plant aging. Taking the accumulation of the three elements in a 6-y-old plant as 100%, 1e2-y-old plant only accumulate 3.5% of the total three elements, the 3-4-y-old plant period accumulate 37% of the total three elements, and 60% of the total are accumulated in the 5e6-yold plant. Within each year, most of the absorption and accumulation are done in the periods of florescence and frutescence. Based on this regularity, the total fertilizer needed for ginseng growth is calculated by the equation [18]: fertilizer=designed yield x nutrition needed for unit yield _ utilization rate t residual weight in soil. (2) By this technique the increment of utilization rate reached 15-20%
8.5. Control of ginseng rust with antagonistic bacteria
Rust is the most dangerous disease of ginseng. Jilin Province has developed biopreparation to efficiently control ginseng rust. A test of the antagonistic bacteria in rust control showed that the morbidity in the control area was 28.8%, but only 11.4% in the area treated with the biopreparation of antagonistic bacteria. The controlling efficiency reached 60.4% [19,20].
8.6. Digitalized processing of red ginseng