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    C# Programming Language Overview A History of C, C++, and C#   The C# programming language was created in the spirit of the C and C++ programming 
    languages. This accounts for its powerful features and easy learning curve. The same can't be  said for C and C++, but because C# was created from the ground up, Microsoft took the  liberty of removing some of the more burdensome features — such as pointers. This section  takes a look at the C and C++ languages, tracing their evolution into C#.   37888
    The C programming language was originally designed for use on the UNIX operating system.  C was used to create many UNIX applications, including a C compiler, and was eventually  used to write UNIX itself. Its widespread acceptance in the academic arena expanded to  include the commercial world, and software vendors such as Microsoft and Borland released  C compilers for personal computers. The original Windows API was designed to work with  Windows code written in C, and the latest set of the core Windows operating system APIs  remain compatible with C to this day.  
    From a design standpoint, C lacked a detail that other languages such as Smalltalk had already  embraced: the concept of an object. You'll learn more about objects in Chapter 8, " Writing  Object-Oriented Code." For now, think of an object as a collection of data and a set of  operations that can be performed on that data. Object-style coding could be accomplished  using C, but the notion of an object was not enforced by the language. If you wanted to     
    structure your code to resemble an object, fine. If you didn't, fine. C really didn't care. Objects  weren't an inherent part of the language, so many people didn't pay much attention to this  programming paradigm.  
    After the notion of object-oriented development began to gain acceptance, it became clear that  C needed to be refined to embrace this new way of thinking about code. C++ was created to  embody this refinement. It was designed to be backwardly compatible with C (such that all C  programs would also be C++ programs and could be compiled with a C++ compiler). The  major addition to the C++ language was support for this new object concept. The C++ 
    language added support for classes (which are "templates" of objects), and enabled an entire  generation of C programmers to think in terms of objects and their behavior.  
    The C++ language is an improvement over C, but it still has some disadvantages. C and C++  can be hard to get a handle on. Unlike easy-to-use languages like Visual Basic, C and C++ are  very "low level" and require you to do a lot of coding to make your application run well. You  have to write your own code to handle issues such as memory management and error  checking. C and C++ can result in very powerful applications, but you need to ensure that  your code works well. One bug can make the entire application crash or behave unexpectedly.  Because of the C++ design goal of retaining backward compatibility with C, C++ was unable  to break away from the low level nature of C.  
    Microsoft designed C# to retain much of the syntax of C and C++. Developers who are  familiar with those languages can pick up C# code and begin coding relatively quickly. The  big advantage to C#, however, is that its designers chose not to make it backwardly 
    compatible with C and C++. While this may seem like a bad deal, it's actually good news. C#  eliminates the things that makes C and C++ difficult to work with. Because all C code is also  C++ code, C++ had to retain all of the original quirks and deficiencies found in C. C# is  starting with a clean slate and without any compatibility requirements, so it can retain the  strengths of its predecessors and discard the weaknesses that made life hard for C and C++  programmers.  
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