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    workpiece in two or more axes. Almost all CNC machines are programmable in
    several other ways. The specific CNC machine type has a lot to do with its
    appropriate programmable accessories. Again, any required function will be
    programmable on full-blown CNC machine tools.                                 
    Automatic tool changer
    Most machining centers can hold many tools in a tool magazine. When required,
    the required tool can be automatically placed in the spindle for machining.
    Spindle speed and activation
    The spindle speed (in revolutions per minute) can be easily specified and the
    spindle can be turned on in a forward or reverse direction. It can also, of course, be
    turned off.
    Coolant
    Many machining operations require coolant for lubrication and cooling
    purposes. Coolant can be turned on and off from within the machine cycle.
    The CNC program
    Think of giving any series of step-by-step instructions. A CNC program is
    nothing more than another kind of instruction set. It's written in sentence-like format
    and the control will execute it in sequential order, step by step.
    A special series of CNC words are used to communicate what the machine is
    intended to do. CNC words begin with letter addresses (like F for feedrate, S for
    spindle speed, and X, Y & Z for axis motion). When placed together in a logical
    method, a group of CNC words make up a command that resemble a sentence.
    The CNC control
    The CNC control (refer to fig.3) will interpret a CNC program and activate the
    series of commands in sequential order. As it reads the program, the CNC control will
    activate the appropriate machine functions, cause axis motion, and in general, follow
    the instructions given in the program. Along with interpreting the CNC program, the CNC control has several other
    purposes. All current model CNC controls allow programs to be modified (edited) if
    mistakes are found. The CNC control allows special verification functions (like dry
    run) to confirm the correctness of the CNC program. The CNC control allows certain
    important operator inputs to be specified separate from the program, like tool length
    values6. In general, the CNC control allows all functions of the machine to be
    manipulated.
    Computer integrated manufacturing
    Present and future trends of modern manufacture point toward an increase in
    the use of computers and a decrease in manual methods1. The driving force in this
    trend is the need to utilize a central computer for storing and retrieving information.
    Information stored in the central computer is said to reside in a common database.
    Computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) is a system whereby all aspects of a
    company's operation are computerized and tied to a common database2. An important
    element of CIM is CAD/CAM and DNC. A CIM system unifies business, engineering,
    process planning, inventory, manufacturing, and postproduction.
    When fully implemented, CIM will offer the following advantages:
    Increased integration and coordination of all company disciplines
    Increased productivity
    Decreased costs of operation
    Improved quality
    Reduced scrap
    Reduced inventory
    Around-the-clock operation with a minimum of operator intervention
    CIM also poses the following challenges:
    Substantial installation and start-up costs
    Training personnel in the use of CIM equipment (hardware and software)
    Dealing with proprietary systems and software
    Maintaining system hardware and software
    Implementing CIM fully in order to make it cost effective
    Operating a CIM installation for long periods offline
    Planning CIM operations
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