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    Abstract More and more, industry professionals are turning to computer
    modeling software to help design machines, factories, assembly
    plants and civil engineering projects in addition to the products
    and tools they manufacture.  This paper will take a closer look at
    the growing field of computer-aided manufacturing design, dis-
    cussing the use of such technologies as well as their applications
    in the important arenas of architecture, manufacturing and the
    medical device industry.Overview7211
    The famed science-fiction author Isaac Asimov once com-
    mented, “I do not fear computers,” adding, “I fear a lack of
    them.”  Indeed, the modern world has become heavily dependent
    on computer technology, which has become vital for virtually
    every aspect of life in the 21st century; invaluable for commerce,
    education, government, health care and even the simplification
    of household affairs.  
    Computer technology has also become a key component in orga-
    nizing and processing data.  It is also being used increasingly in
    crafting a road to the future.  Weather forecasters use computer
    modeling and imagery to better predict storm patterns, and econ-
    omists use similar technologies to help understand market trends
    of the present and the near future.  Computer modeling software
    is even used in hospital and medical research facilities, help-
    ing doctors and medical professionals track patient responses to
    medications as well as to better conduct surgical procedures.  
    The manufacturing and engineering industries are no excep-
    tion.  More and more, industry professionals are turning to
    computer modeling software to help design machines, factories
    and assembly plants and civil engineering projects in addition to
    the products and tools they manufacture.  This paper will take a
    closer look at the growing field of computer-aided manufactur-
    ing design, discussing the use of such technologies as well as
    their applications in a number of important arenas.
    A Brief History of Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
    The practice of using computers for the purposes of design-
    ing complex machinery and systems began in the early 1960s,
    although it was conducted privately with specific design purposes
    in mind.  Specifically, the automotive, electronics and aerospace
    industries employed such design techniques through automated
    3-D modeling programs (“History of CAD,” 2009).
    Early computer-aided design (CAD) programs, however, were
    extremely complex, expensive and required massive computer
    hardware systems to conduct their calculations.  Few industries
    could afford to support such systems.  Among the companies that
    did utilize such systems were US automaker General Motors, US aerospace giant Lockheed and European automaker Renault.  
    These applications stemmed from the 1963 program known
    as “SKETCHPAD,” which was created by MIT scientist Ivan
    Sutherland.  That system, for the first time, contained a feature that
    enabled the designer to interact with his or her computer through
    graphics.  Such a graphical user interface would ultimately
    become indispensable among computer-aided design circles.
    Particularly notable among these systems were the works of Dr.
    Peter J. Hanratty, who in 1964 introduced Design-Augmented
    by Computer (DAC-1) for GM.  In 1971, Hanratty rolled out the
    program known as ADAM – Automated Drafting and Machining
    – not long after he started his own firm, Manufacturing and Con-
    sulting Services, Inc. Shortly thereafter, Hanratty began offering
    code to a number of companies outside of the three discussed
    above.  Among the industry leaders who would adopt similar
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