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    based on standard geometric shapes but in terms of composi-
    tion as well.  Put simply, in order to help CAD programs move
    beyond their original parameters, programmers are attempting to
    install an ability to operate with a degree of “intelligence.”  
    While CAD has demonstrated its shortcomings in the above-
    mentioned arenas, it remains an important element of the
    manufacturing sector.  Programmers, looking to remedy these
    issues, are increasingly looking to other software and hardware
    resources to fill in where CAD has come up short.  One area, for
    example, is the introduction of “virtual reality” (VR) programs.
    VR employs a degree of human-computer interface that is con-
    siderably quicker than that seen in typical CAD programs. VR
    therefore injects into the design and modeling process the user’s
    ability to see the entire environment, including the areas the
    CAD simply cannot take into account (Jezernik & Hren, 2003).  
    Another issue revealed in the application of CAD to the manu-
    facturing sector is one of process.  Because it has problems with
    recognition of non-geometric shapes, the process of manufac-
    turing design is slowed considerably.  However, by applying
    another program to CAD systems, such as rule-based reason-
    ing, these recognition problems may be circumvented.  Such
    other programs, such as the Standard for Exchange of Product
    Model Data (STEP), are used as information resources for CAD,
    enabling the system to interconnect its database and link together
    complex processes or multiple groups (Lau, et al., 2005).   
    Medical Devices
    The 21st century global economy has had a major impact on how
    industries develop.  The fact that so many markets are merg-
    ing into a singular, international network means substantially
    increased competition.  While this has so far caused only modest
    growth in competition for such established manufacturing indus-
    tries as aerospace and automobiles, other growing industries are
    suddenly faced with much greater amounts of pressure.  This
    places heightened emphasis not only on the quality of products
    manufactured (and the prices at which they are sold); it also
    requires that those products be produced in higher quantities at
    a much faster rate.
    In the field of medical device manufacturing, for example, this
    trend has become particularly evident.  Over the last few years,
    this industry has seen durable rates of growth and revenue gen-
    eration. In the US alone, this industry generated $75.6 billion in
    2007, and an industry research leader forecasts an annual com-
    pounded growth rate of nine percent through 2013 (“Advertising
    with,” 2009).  Interestingly, the industry is mostly comprised
    of small- to medium-sized businesses (approximately 6,400 of
    the 8,000 American medical device manufacturers) that employ
    fewer than 50 people.  Such volumes of small firms mean a more
    dynamic industry comprised of sales teams that are eager to earn
    new business.
    For this reason, medical device manufacturers are increasingly
    turning to computer-aided design technologies to expedite the
    development and, ultimately, distribution of their products.  CAD
    software has come into high demand in recent years, following
    in the shoes of more established corporations in other industries
    that have long enjoyed the application of such software to their
    own manufacturing endeavors.
    Unfortunately, the traditional applications of CAD software and
    systems have to date proven somewhat daunting for the many
    small companies that make up the medical device manufacturing
    industry.  As mentioned, such systems have long been confined
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