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    However, because of over-complexity,stamping CAPP system for automobile panels is moredifficult to implode effectively and practically. It shoulddeal with all knowledge from geometry, non-geometry,engineers’ experience, rules and criterions and successfulcases of planning process-paths for automobile panels. Theprocess plans should instruct or guide how to perform acomplex procedure.Based on KBE, new frameworks have been presented asan intelligent master model in the system level and as aprocedure model in the activity level. This master modelbrings forward a new concept and notion that knowledge,and thus KBE, is the kernel object of technology forspecific domains in the manufacturing industry. In ac-cordance with these frameworks, an intelligent CAPPsystem has been specifically developed. Based on featuretechnology, features have been extracted and representedby the object-oriented method. Stamping features and theirparameters have been defined and extracted based onfeature technology and stamping process rules. The wholeproduct knowledge has been represented by frames whichdirectly map to objects (or features) in the object-orientedsense. Relevant appropriate operations features have beenassigned to stamping features of products based on feature-operation criteria, and parameters of stamping features andtheir correlativity. This assignment is a decision-makingactivity using a set of rules with a decision-making tree andmodel-based reasoning methods.With knowledge betweenoperations, such as operations order constraint (do-after)and operations combination constraint, the process path hasbeen improved based on relevant intelligent reasoningmethods. Based on the relation (preferred-to) betweenprocesses and machines/dies, the structure of the die andmachine for each process can be performed, while theprocess route has been determined. In this stamping processplanning, the procedure and information have been con-trolled by the process control structure to be associative andintegrated.This study can be used as the basis for future studies toenhance the complicated system. Indisputably, much effortwill be required in advancing the establishment of thepracticality process planning function blocks and theirmutual interaction. Moreover, the conversion of thesearchitectures into a prototype CAPP system will be aconsiderable endeavor.Acknowledgments  源[自-751^`论/文'网·www.751com.cn 
    This paper has been supported by the keytechnologies R&D program in the 10th National five-year plan andthe National Natural Science Foundation of China.References1. Park SB, Choi Y, Kim BM, Choi JC (1998) A study of acomputer-aided process design system for axisymmetric deep-drawing products. J Mater Process Technol 75:17–262. Tisza M (1995) Expert system for metal forming. J MaterProcess Technol 53:423–4323. Kang SS, Park DH (2002) Application of computer-aidedprocess planning system for non-axisymmetric deep drawingproducts. J Mater Process Technol 124:36–484. Gao JX, Tang YS, Sharma R (2000) A feature model editor andprocess planning system for sheet metal products. J MaterProcess Technol 107:88–955. Zussman E, Horsch T (1994) A planning approach for robot-assisted multiple-bent profile handling. Robot Com-Int Manuf11(1):35–406. Wang CH, Bourne DA (1997) Design and manufacturing ofsheet-metal parts: using features to aid process planning andresolve manufacturability problems. Robot Com-Int Manuf 13(3):281–2947. de Vin LJ, de Vries J, Streppel AH, Klaassen EJW, Kals HJJ(1994) The generation of bending sequences in a CAPP systemfor sheetmetal components. J Mater Process Technol 42:331–3398. de Vin LJ, Streppel AH, Kals HJJ (1994) Tolerancing and sheetbending in small batch part manufacturing. Ann CIRP 43(1):421–4319. Streppel AH, Lutters DH, Kals JJ (1997) Process planning insmall batch sheet metal part manufacturing. In: Proceedings ofthe 2nd world congress on intelligent manufacturing processesand systems, Budapest10. Aomura S, Koguchi A, Niwa Y (1999) Automated andoptimized process planning in sheet metal bending by arobot. International conference on industrial tools ICIT’99, 18–20 April, Rogaška Slatina, Slovenia, pp 109–11311. Aomura S, Koguchi A (2002) Optimized bending sequences ofsheet metal bending by robot. Robot Com-Int Manuf 18:29–3912. Liao X, Wang GG (2003) Evolutionary path planning for robotassisted part handling in sheet metal bending. Robot Com-IntManuf 19:425–43013. Lutters D, ten Brinke E, Streppel AH, Kals HJJ (2000)Computer aided process planning for sheet metal based oninformation management. J Mater Process Technol 103(1):120–12714. Kumar M, Rajotia S (2003) Integration of scheduling withcomputer aided process planning. J Mater Process Technol138:297–30015. Bancroft C (1998) Revitalisation of expertise in foundries usinginformation technology. In: Proceedings of the 24th Europeanconference on investment casting, Rome, Italy, pp 701–71216. Lovett PJ, Ingram A, Bancrof CN (2000) Knowledge-basedengineering for SMEs—a methodology. J Mater ProcessTechnol 107(1–3):384–38917. Calkins D (1996) Learning all about knowledge basedengineering. Intelligent Manufacturing Report 2(3) March18. Selbeck C (1998) Open architecture. Vertigo—The OfficialNewsletter of the International ICAD Users’ Group 7(1) August19. MacLeod M (1998) See all, know all, tell all. Prof Eng 11(12):19–2020. Zheng J-Q, Wang Y-L, Li Z-G (2004) Evaluating model ofprocess plan for large complicated stampings. Forging StampTechnol 29(5):12–15
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