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    Abstract The optimal structure and operation of a batch distillation column separating ternary mixture are discussed from the viewpoint of energy conservation. The optimal reflux operation, which minimizes energy consumption, is derived for three types of batch distillation columns: rectifying, stripping and total reflux columns. The separation performance measured in terms of energy consumption is calculated for each column under different conditions. The results of the example problems show that the separation performance of the total reflux column can be considerably improved by optimizing reflux flow rate, while those of the rectifying and the stripping columns can not be. In all example cases, the separation performance of the total reflux column is equal to or even better than those of the other two columns. It is experimentally verified using a pilot plant that the energy consumption of the total reflux column can be drastically reduced when the optimal operation is used. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.1. Introduction 20493
    Batch distillation is a flexible separation method,
    which can be used even when the feed composition
    and:or the number of products are frequently changed.
    Therefore, this separation method is suitable for the
    chemical industry, where the demand for and lifetime of
    a product may often be uncertain. When a column does
    not have any middle vessels, the batch distillation can
    be classified into rectifying, stripping and total reflux
    columns as shown in Fig. 1. Among the three types, the
    rectifying column is most widely used in the present
    chemical industry.
    The optimal operation problems of a batch distilla-
    tion column have been discussed by many authors in
    the past. However, most of those study focus on the
    optimal operation of a rectifying column. The different
    types of column structures are also discussed by
    Hasebe, Kurooka, Abdul Aziz, Hashimoto and Watan-
    abe (1996), Wittgens, Litto, Sorensen and Skogestad,
    (1996), Skogestad, Wittgens, Litto and Sorensen (1997).Thus, it is important to discuss the optimal structure
    and the optimal operation simultaneously, because the
    separation performance of a batch distillation column
    depends on not only the operation but also the
    structure.
    Sorensen and Skogestad (1994) proposed the cyclic
    operation policy of a total reflux column, where the
    following three operations are repeated sequentially:
    filling the product from the reboiler to the reflux drum,
    total reflux operation, and dumping the product to the
    product tank from the reflux drum. If the duration of
    one cyclic operation is very small, the distillation using
    a total reflux column is close to that using a rectifying
    column. Therefore, the optimal cyclic operation policy
    can be considered optimal for both columns.
    In the previous papers (Hasebe, Noda & Hashimoto,
    1997; Noda, Hasebe & Hashimoto, 1997), the separa-
    tion performance of three batch distillation columns
    separating binary mixture were discussed from the
    viewpoint of energy conservation. The following results
    are obtained through the simulation.
    1. The effect of optimization for the rectifying column
    is insignificant, even if the reflux flow rate is opti-
    mized as a function of time.2. The separation performance of the total reflux
    column can be considerably improved by optimizing
    the reflux flow rate as a function of time. In most
    separation problems studied, the optimal operation
    of the total reflux column is that the holdup of the
    reboiler is gradually decreased to the final holdup.
    3. The separation performance of the total reflux
    column is almost the same or even better than that
    of the other columns when the optimal operation is
    adopted.
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