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    and flexural stiffness reduction of shear walls with different
    height to width ratio and vertical load. The results of the ana-
    lytical procedure also indicated that the percentage of shear
    deflection in the total deflection increases with decreasing
    height to width ratio of the shear wall.
    Marini and Meda [8] presented a new technique for the
    strengthening of existing R/C shear walls based on the appli-
    cation of thin high performance jackets. The strengthening
    jacketwasmade of high performance concrete, having a com-
    pression resistance higher than 150 MPa, and reinforced bymeans of a high strength steel mesh. The experimental study
    was carried out on a 1:3 scale-R/Cwall, proportioned to resist
    vertical loads only, and reinforced by means of a 15 mm
    thick-high performance jacket. Cyclic loads of increasing
    magnitude were applied to the experimental shear wall up
    to collapse. The effectiveness of the technique was also ver-
    ified numerically. The results showed the efficiency of the
    proposed solution on the significantly increasing structure
    resistance, deformation capacity and ductility.
    Mo et al. [9] presented a study which accomplishes three
    main tasks: (1) formulating the Cyclic Softened Membrane
    Model (CSMM) for the development of a finite element pro-
    gram, (2) implementing the formulated CSMM into a finite
    element program SCS (Simulation of Concrete Structures)
    using OpenSees that stands for Open System for Earthquake
    Engineering Simulation as a framework, (3) validating the
    finite element program SCS by comparing its predictions
    with the experimental results of RC framed shear walls avail-
    able in the literature.
    Tuken [10] proposed an analytical method to determine
    the sway of a mixed structure (frame + shear wall) subject
    to seismic forces. The validity of the analytical method was
    tested on 3-D buildings of different heights. He also obtained
    the sway response using SAP2000 and found that the sway
    results obtained by the analytical method matches well with
    the results of SAP2000. In a similar study, Tuken and Atim-
    tay [11] proposed an analyticalmethod to determine the sway
    of a totally framed building subject to seismic forces. The
    implementation of the proposed method to framed buildings
    in regions of high seismic risk was emphasized.
    A detailed review on different aspects of typical frame
    structures containing shear walls shows that simplified pro-
    cedures for the assessment of shear wall quantity that can
    resist the earthquake forces safely and can also satisfy the two
    major requirements of the seismic codes (strength and stiff-
    ness) are not widely available. Keeping this scope in view, in
    the present study, an easy to apply analyticalmethod has been
    proposed to determine the amount of shearwalls necessary to
    make reinforced concrete buildings seismic-resistant against
    moderate to severe earthquakes. The amount of shear walls
    obtained was checked to fulfill the two requirements (i.e.
    adequate strength and adequate stiffness) of seismic design.
    The third requirement, ductility, was not presented here as
    ductility requirement can easily be satisfied with the same
    quantity of shear walls by proper detailing and satisfying the
    minimum requirements of the seismic codes.
    2 Problem Formulation
    Undermaximumprobable earthquake, some repairable dam-
    age to the contents of buildings is acceptable. Therefore,
    a damage control limit state is to be defined to mark theboundary between economically repairable minor damage
    and damage that is not worth repairing. The intensity of
    ground shaking associatedwith this limit state has a lowprob-
    ability of occurrence during the expected life of the building.
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