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       These components should be taken into account in defining the current and future roles of mobile applications in an aging society.。

     

    3.。2.。  Mobile phone adoption by older people

       It  is usually thought that older people do not use mobile phones     or their technology; they are considered“non technological persons”.。  Abascal and Civit stress that people trying to  introduce  technological  advancements  to  help  older  citizens have  to  overcome  some  extended  stereotypes:  the  lack  of  ability of the hypothetical users to handle complex devices and their unwillingness  to  accept  them  (“older  people  reject  technology”, “technological  devices  are  too  difficult  for  older  people  to  use”) (Abascal and Civit, 2001).。

       Several  recent  studies  refute  these  stereotypes.。  For  instance, Conci  points  out  that  in  the  last  few years,  mobile  phone  usage by people over 60 has been growing  rapidly.。 According  to a  survey, 58.。5% of the people in Italy between 65 and 74 years old and 26.。6%  of  those  over  75 use  a  mobile  phone, with  a  much  higher growth trend in this age group than in others (Igbaria et al.。, 1997; Conci  et  al.。,  2009).。 In  her work,  Kurniawan  (2007)  explains  that just  like  computers  and  the  Internet,  mobile  phones  are  becoming  common  personal  items  for  older  persons.。  She  refers to  two studies with the following data: in early 2006, 60% of people aged 65–74 years old and 36% of people aged 75 years and over owned and  used  mobile  phones  in  the  UK.。  Actually,  older  people  have a  much  higher  adoption  rate  of  mobile  phones  than  of  Internet usage.。 Many older persons use mobile phones in both leisure and work contexts (Kurniawan, 2007).。 Melander et al.。 (2007) found that elderly  people  tested  in  her  study  felt  positive  about  the  use  of mobile services for safety; all of them had experience using mobile phones, and most of them used personal computers in their daily life, which might be the reason for their positive attitude.。 Oksman remarks that  previously,  seniors had  many  negative opinions  on mobile communication, but lately, the attitudes have changed, and mobile usage has become a daily occurrence (for instance, in 2002, about 70% of Finns aged between 60 and 70 owned a mobile phone) (Oksman, 2006).。 Venkatesh concludes that the elderly, like anyone else, accept and adopt technology when it meets their needs and expectations (Venkatesh et al.。, 2003; Conci et al.。, 2009).。 Thus, the next step is to identify their needs and expectations.。 

       Oksman  observed  that  seniors,  at  least  in  the  early  stages  of mobile usage, appreciated the significance of the mobile phone as a tool to increase security.。 However, the significance of the mobile phone  as  a  personal  communication  device  has  also  increased.。 Usage immediately after purchasing a mobile phone is characterized by  caution (only carrying  it on  special occasions).。  Later, the mobile phone is accepted in the activities of everyday life, and people are more inclined to take it with them as they leave the house.。 After the pressures of working life, contacts with friends and family often become  more frequent.。 With  the increased leisure time in  retirement,  hobbies  and  hobby  related  relationships  may  also increase  communication  (Oksman,  2006).。  In  a  similar  way,  Ling concludes that the primary reason for mobile telephone adoption includes its function as a safety link to others; indeed, this is often seen as its most useful function (Ling, 2008).。According to the same author, mobile communication is also an appropriate tool for the development and maintenance of friendships.。 In fact, the pressure to have a phone often comes from social interactions.。 

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