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    A foaming problem in an industrial-size deacidifier (packed column) within the ammonia
    hydrogen sulfide circulation scrubbing process (AS process) on a specific site is experimentally
    investigated. The foamability of solutions is successfully assessed in a small test cell, and the
    Bikermann coefficient is calculated to characterize the foaminess behavior. The investigations
    revealed that filtration of the real sour water taken from the specific site does not alter foaming
    characteristics. Impurities, especially phenol and its derivatives, cresols, are found to highly
    contribute to foaminess behavior. Experiments in a pilot plant revealed higher pressure drop
    and lower flood point data. Critical spots of foam formation are identified, and design suggestions
    for column internals are given.1. Introduction 8867
    Foaming can be a serious problem in the process
    industry, reducing throughput and separation perfor-
    mance or even causing contamination of products due
    to takeover of foam from other vessels.
    The starting point of this work is a foaming problem
    in an industrial-size packed tower (deacidifier) within
    the ammonia hydrogen sulfide circulation scrubbing
    process (AS process). The pressure drop of this tower is
    observed to rise from steady-state conditions for no
    apparent reason. Similar deacidifiers on other sites do
    not show that behavior, possibly because of different
    sour water compositions, caused by different coal com-
    positions or carbonization conditions. Impurities formed
    during the carbonization process can cause foaming, and
    their contribution to foamability is so far unknown. The
    deacidifier is supposed to be redesigned, and maximum
    operating parameters (i.e., flood point data) using this
    particular sour water with its specific impurities are
    requested by the engineers. Studies about foaming in
    deacidifiers of the AS process cannot be found in the
    literature; an experimental investigation is therefore
    necessary. Because of the difficult toxic system and the
    required complex equipment, the experimental results
    achieved in this academic research are of rare value.
    The following chapter gives an overview of foam in
    general, foam stabilization due to different forces and
    mechanisms, and, finally, foaming in columns. After
    that, the determined composition of the sour water will
    be presented and its foamability will be assessed in a
    small test cell, resulting in a coefficient characterizing
    foamability. The contribution of the impurities to foam-
    ing behavior will be roughly estimated by experiments
    with synthetic solutions.
    Pilot-plant experiments with the packing used in the
    redesigned tower are carried out to obtain pressure drop
    and flood point data. The transferability of test-cellexperiments to the real column is evaluated. The
    hydrodynamics inside the column are observed and
    presented in different pictures taken from movies. After
    the identification of critical spots of foam formation,
    design suggestions for column internals are given.
    2. Foam Theory
    Two foam types are distinguishable. Kugelschaum lies
    directly on the surface of the liquid (Figure 1) where,
    because of a high liquid fraction (1 æ), different
    bubbles do not interact. The surface forces are respon-
    sible for the formation of spherical bubbles. Age of foam
    rises with height, and gravity forces lead to draining of
    the liquid. Thus, the liquid films (lamellae) piding the
    different bubbles are thinned and the Kugelschaum is
    converted to polyederfoam. In this area coalescence (film
    rupturing) prevails. In polyederfoam, three lamellae
    intercept in a Plateau border with an angle of 120°
    between the lamellae (Figure 2).
    Most foams having any significant persistence contain
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