摘 要:曹尔堪是明末清初词坛的重要人物,其词风亦比较复杂多样。在其创作前期受明末云间词派诸子影响,作品中不乏一些香艳之作,颇具花间词婉丽之姿。然艳词在曹尔堪词作中并非占据主导地位,曹尔堪推崇欧阳修与苏轼,作品中大多贯穿着一股清逸之风。在其创作后期,因官场失意,家破人散,其词作中更多一分沉郁之气,其词风也由清逸逐渐向清郁转变。本文将从其人生际遇和词作内容,详细说明其前后期词作风格的演变历程。59456
毕业论文关键词:曹尔堪;词作风格;演变历程
Abstract:Cao Erkan is an important figure in the field of Ci in the late Ming and early Qing. The style of Ci-poem is also more complex and perse. In the early stage of his creation, he was affected by the Yunjian school philosophers, wrote some gorgeous works with the Huajian school beautiful posture. However, the gorgeous works in Cao Erkan Ci is not dominant. Cao Erkan praised Ou Yangxiu and Su Shi, and his works are mostly through the pure and fresh style. In the late period, due to the frustrated officialdom, broken families, his works are in a more gloomy atmosphere, its style also gradually to change from elegance to melancholy. This paper from his life experience and the Ci-poem content, will describe detailedly the evolution of Cao Erkan CI style of the period before and after.
Key words:Cao Erkan;The Ci-poem style;The evolution of process
曹尔堪是明清之际词坛十分重要的人物,亦是柳州词派主脑人物。曹尔堪,浙江嘉善人氏,字子顾,号顾庵,生于明朝万历四十五年,卒于清朝康熙十八年,跨越明清两朝。顺治九年进士及第,改庶吉士,散馆授编修,终官至翰林院侍讲学士,顺治十八年,因奏销一案被罢职。南归之后又因家中奴仆得罪县吏,被判贬谪关外,后因亲朋好友相助,幸得脱免。此后他归隐于山水田园之间,与二三老友徜徉于秀丽的自然风光之中,选胜景赋予诗词中,作品日益丰富。后曹尔堪发起并倡导了康熙初年的三次清词唱和活动,给他带来极大声誉,也使其作品传播甚广。本文试从曹尔堪的人生际遇与词作内容,着重论述曹尔堪词作风格的演变历程。
曹尔堪是柳州词派代表人物之一,他的创作与词作风格的演变典型反映了柳州词派的词风转变历程。曹尔堪创作风格可以以顺治十八年“奏销案”为界,分为前后两期。
一、前期:“香艳”与“清逸”并存
清朝初年词坛的繁荣兴盛深受明末云间派的影响。明末,云间词派文人以陈子龙为首,陈与李雯、宋征舆,被时人称为“云间三子”。明朝时期的复古思想曾深深影响过当时的云间词派,故云间词人作词往往推崇南唐和北宋,认为作词应以言情为先,陈子龙曾在《幽兰草词序》中说过:“自金陵二主以致靖康,代有作者。或秾纤婉丽,极哀艳之情;或流畅澹逸,穷盼倩之趣。然皆境由情生,辞随意启,天机偶发,元音自成,繁促之中尚存高浑,所为最盛也。南渡以还,此声遂渺。”[1](p13)
而绮丽哀艳、婉丽缠绵的风格正是云间诸子创作所追求的。因此,云间词作以闺词最盛。观陈子龙一生,虽其作品也曾因山河飘零,家国不在而有所变化,但是其词作中大多仍是怅廖哀恋之作。云间陈、李、宋三人词作多以“闺”字为题,而其中虽不用闺之一字来做题,但是词作内涵不外乎闺阁情怨的更是不胜枚举,因此邹祗谟曾感慨过绮丽之风的再度盛行不得不归结于云间词人。云间词派在当时词坛影响甚大,可谓是一枝独秀万众瞩目。处在那个时期的曹尔堪难免受云间词派影响,他的某些词学观念与之较为一致,他重视“诗庄词媚”的观念,强调婉媚言情的词作特性,前期不乏一些香艳之作。如下述两词: