摘要:本文通过语料库检索,对留学生使用“被”字句的习得情况和偏误情况作了分析 ,将“被”字句句式按“被”字后有无宾语、动词后所带成分不同分为六种,并对六种句式的正确率和偏误率作了统计。在对“被”字句的偏误类型分析中,将“被”字句的偏误类型分为遗漏、误加、误代、错序、杂糅五大类,其中,遗漏和误加分别分为单个成分偏误和多个成分偏误,同时,又分别列出六种组合偏误:既遗漏又误代、既遗漏又误加、既遗漏又错序、既误代又误加、既误代又错序、既错序又误加,并对每一种偏误类型都作了数据统计。综合例句,从母语负迁移、目的语知识负迁移、学习策略和交际策略的影响以及学习环境的影响四个方面分析了“被”字句偏误的成因。最后,设计出一份留学生“被”字句习得的教学案例。 52917
毕业论文关键词:“被”字句,习得顺序,偏误分析,偏误成因
Abstract: The paper focuses on the ‘bei’ structure’s acquisition and deviation analyses of foreign students by retrieving dada from the corpus. According to the principle whether there exists an object following the ‘bei’ or something else following the verb of the sentence or not, we pide the ‘bei’ structure into six types, whose proportions of both correctness and deviation have been worked out in the paper. As for the types of deviation of ‘bei’ structure, there are also altogether five categories:omission, erroneous addition, erroneous substitution, misplacement and mixture, among which the first two can be pided into two kinds: single-component deviation and multi-components deviation. What’s more, six combinations of deviation are listed as below: 1)omission and erroneous substitution, 2)omission and erroneous addition, 3)omission and misplacement, 4)erroneous addition and erroneous substitution, 5)erroneous addition and misplacement and6)erroneous substitution and misplacement, whose statistics have been added up respectively. We conclude the potential causes of the deviation of ‘bei’ structure by analyzing the given sample sentences, which include four aspects:1)first language negative transfer, 2)target language negative transfer, 3)learning strategies and communicative strategies and 4)learning environment.At last,a teaching case based on foreign students who learned ‘bei’ structure is designed.
Key words: ‘bei’ structure, acquisition sequence, deviation analysis, deviation cause
一、引言 “被”字句是现代汉语的一种特殊句式,在使用上有其特殊性,历来都是外国留学生学习汉语的一个难点。近20年来,对外汉语教学界对“被”字句的偏误与习得研究的文章和专著数量很多,彭淑莉的《留学生习得“被”字句固定格式的偏误分析》一文将留学生输出的“被”字句固定格式分为“被…给…;被…所…;被…把…”三种,发现:“被…给…”的主要偏误是在较书面化的句子和“被”中误加“给”;“被……所……”的主要有两类偏误,其一是误加动词补足成分或宾语,其二是在不能使用的情况下用该格式;“被……把……”的主要偏误有四类,其一是用"把"引进工具,其二是“把”、“被”错序,其三是主语与"把"字宾语不具复指或领属关系,其四是动词及动词性短语仅在"把"字构件中成立。该考察有助于对外汉语教学。[1](67)该作者在另一篇论文《留学生习得“被”字句的缺失类偏误分析》中考察了留学生习得“被”字句过程中出现数量最多、持续时间最长的缺失类偏误,按不同形式将其分为6类,并从母语负迁移、目的语知识泛化、学习策略、认知难度、语言普遍性的呢过方面去挖掘缺失类偏误生成的具体原因,并提出相关教学建议。[2](30)李大忠先生著《外国人学汉语语法偏误分析》一书,此书的第二十五章《被动句》中对留学生在使用汉语被动句时出现的偏误类型进行了非常细致的分类,尤其是对有被动形式标志的、习惯上以介词“被”字为代表的“被”字句的偏误分析更为严谨,将“被”字句的偏误分为八类,即:谓语不及物动词误用成及物动词、动宾格不及物动词误带宾语、谓语该用形容词误用为动词、动词遗漏附加成分、动词后边误加可能补语、主被动的误用、与“使”字句的混用以及与“让”字兼语句或者“叫”字兼语句的混用,这是一份对“被”字句习得与偏误较为全面的研究成果。[3](172)周文华、肖奚强的《基于语料库的外国学生“被”字句习得研究》一文,不仅指出了外国学生与汉语母语者“被”字使用情况的对比分析结果,考察了“被”字句的习得顺序,而且对“被”字句的教学阶段给出了建议。[4](44)李婕与陈晨在《基于HSK动态作文语料库的“被”字句习得考察》一文中,将“被”字句式的下位分类分为八种,归纳出偏误的类型、比例以及偏误句在不同汉语水平、不同句式中的分布情况,并分析了造成“被”字句偏误的原因,以期为对外汉语教学提供有针对性的参考。[5](109) 留学生“被”字句习得与偏误分析:http://www.751com.cn/jiaoxue/lunwen_56975.html