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    to avoid high shear zones (mainly for shear sensitive media), the
    conventional impellers may not be applicable.
    In the present work, we propose a new impeller design that
    occupies less than 0.4% of the volume of the reactor, which is
    similar to the conventional impeller system, but the design allows
    it to spread over almost the entire vessel, yielding a structure with
    relatively large voids. The objectives are (i) to achieve uniformity
    throughout the stirred tank and (ii) to develop an innovative and
    efficient impeller that can yield better mixing and low shear at
    relatively low power consumption. Both of these objectives can
    be achieved using the principle of self-similarity, and hence a
    fractal design will be more appropriate for an impeller. In the
    present work, we report on the comparative performance of such
    fractal impellers (referred hereafter as FI) vis-a-vis the conven-
    tional ones. While several fractal geometries, configurations and
    resolutions can be used for such a concept, in thismanuscript our
    emphasis is on proving this concept and hence only one impeller
    design has been used for this study. In section 2 we have
    discussed the experiments, details of the fractal impeller, and
    measurement techniques followed by observations and discus-
    sion in section 3.
    2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
    2.1. Fractal Impeller (FI). Conceptually, the self-similarity in
    the geometry of an impeller at different scales can be expected to
    replicate in the self-similar distribution of energy to achieve
    uniformity in the flow properties in a STR. It is known that for
    mixing at small scale, generation of local chaotic advection by
    different mechanisms including the mechanical movements
    Received: February 12, 2011
    Accepted: April 18, 2011
    Revised: April 7, 2011helps to achieve better mixing.
    4
    Here we attempt to generate
    such chaotic advection by using a novel impeller which has self-
    similar geometrical features at different scales. The schematic of
    the impeller, the fabricated unit, and the setup are shown in
    Figure 1. The impeller has four main branches, each of which
    further gets split in three sub-branches. On each of such sub-
    branch we have four blades. Of which 2 blades are horizontal and
    the remaining two are vertical. Importantly, in the entire design,
    the orientation of the blades is kept such that none of the blades
    actually sweep any liquid with thembut simply fragment the fluid
    as they pass through it. An additional sub-branch at the bottomof
    the impeller helps to generate the necessary flow in the region
    close to the tank bottom. Also, for a given impeller rotation
    speed, the angular distances covered by the blades vary and yield
    variation in the local blade passage velocity. However with the
    confined nature of the entire system, such variations do notmake
    significant effects on the flow uniformity. Since the design of
    impeller is expected to distribute energy in a more uniform
    manner throughout the tank, it was thought desirable to char-
    acterize the performance of this concept. More details on the
    fractals are given in Appendix 1.
    2.2. Experimental Setup. The experiments were carried out
    in an acrylic stirred tank (T = H = 0.3 m) with a single impeller
    system. The vessel was fitted with four baffles (width,W= T/10).
    The impeller shaft was connected to a DC motor via a shaft
    mounted torque transducer. Experiments were carried out with
    three different impellers: 6 blade-disk turbine, 6 blade-PBTD,
    and the FI. For DT and PBTD, the impeller diameter was D =
    T/3 = 100 mm, and the off-bottom clearance (C) was equal to
    T/3. The FI was supported fromthe bottombymaking a counter
    groove on the shaft (Figure 1D) and for the FI, DFI = T/1.58. A
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