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    seen to increase with increasing impeller Re, (Figure 3A) and at
    all suspension densities, the following relation was seen to hold:
    PW ¼ C1ε1:34
    where the value of C1 is 2.63  107
    and would strongly depend
    on the physical properties of the suspended particles (volume,
    density, shape, etc.). Re was estimated using the fluid density and
    viscosity at different solid mass fraction ε (%). With increasing ε
    (%), Re continued to decrease, and the corresponding variation
    in the estimated NP values is shown in Figure 3B. Interestingly,
    on comparing the data with similar solid concentration for a
    stirred tank of 1 m diameter with PBTD (filled symbols)
    (Sardeshpande et al.numbers even with solid particles. Importantly, the Re range for
    which the complete suspension was achieved using a FI was at
    least less than 50% than that of PBTD. Here, by complete
    suspension, we refer to the situation where the particles are
    suspended in the entire liquid phase and there remains only a
    negligible fraction at the bottom of the tank. However complete
    suspension does not mean uniform spatial distribution of parti-
    cles. In addition to PW, uniformity in the solid concentration in
    the suspension would help to quantify the performance of this
    impeller. To understand the level of suspension (particle cloud)
    in the liquid, the local concentration of solid particles at various
    levels from the bottom of the tank was measured at different
    impeller rotation speeds. The variation in the local particle mass
    fraction is shown in Figure 4. For all solid loadings, for less than
    70 rpm, most of the particles were close to the bottom and were
    far from being lifted. At higher impeller rotation speed, the local
    solid mass fraction was well suspended with a standard deviation
    of (3%. Thus, for all ε values, an impeller rotation speed of
    100 rpm was sufficient to keep all the particles in suspended
    condition. On achieving complete suspension, for ε = 5%, the
    local solid concentration decreased slightly from bottom to top
    of the stirred tank, while for ε = 7%, it was slightly higher toward
    the bottomas well as at top of the tank. In general, the observations
    indicated that once the solid particles are lifted from the bottom,
    increasing energy input to the reactor by increasing impeller speed
    primarily helps in dispersing the particles, achieving a less nonuni-
    form suspension. It would be interesting to track the particle
    motion throughout the tank, and such experiments are in progress.
    The relatively large volume of the FI results in a better effect in
    keeping the particles suspended. Importantly, the presence of
    multiple blades in the section close to the bottom develops a
    strong tangential flow, which helps the particles to experience lift
    in the direction perpendicular to themotion of the blades.On the
    other hand, the localized vortex generated due to the motion of
    the blades perpendicular to the bottom helped lift the particles in
    the center of the stirred tank. This vortex was seen to have a
    periodic behavior and details will be studied by measuring the
    local velocity field. Further, unlike the circulation cells that get
    developed in the tank with conventional impellers (DT and
    PBTD), in the presence of multiple blades and self-similar
    behavior at different levels of the geometry of the FI, no such
    circulation cycles were visible. As a result, the particles lifted from
    the bottom remain mostly floating between different branches of
    the impeller thereby reducing the extent of nonuniformity in the
    suspension quality. At any given tank cross section, at different
    impeller rotation speeds, the variation in the particle mass was
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