摘要本论文从物理实验教学的角度出发,初步介绍了误差分析理论、不确定度评定等方面知识,并结合实例对物理实验中的数据处理作了系统论述。首先,对误差基本知识进行说明,重点介绍了系统误差的处理方法,并通过分析比较对各处理方法的优缺点予以评价。然后,在误差理论的基础上介绍了不确定度的发展及其评定方法,并总结了实验室校准测量的不确定度评定的基本流程。最后,以单摆测重力加速度实验为例,使用Matlab软件进行最小二乘法曲线拟合,并对预测结果进行不确定度计算。在论文最后给出了物理实验教学的建议意见。47006
From the perspective of the experiment teaching, this paper introduces the error analysis and the uncertainty evaluation. It also makes a systematic discussion of the data processing in physical experiment. In the first place, it explains the basic knowledge of the error, introduces the methods of solving systematic error, and analyses the advantages and the disadvantages of each methods. Then, on the basis of the theory of error analysis, this paper introduces the development and the evaluation method of uncertainty, and concludes the basic flow for the measurements in calibration laboratories. Finally, with using the experiment ‘measuring gravity acceleration with a pendulum’ as an example, it uses the Matlab software to make the least-square fitting, and calculates the uncertainty of the predicted value. In the end of this paper, there are some suggestions for physical experiment teaching.
毕业论文关键词:误差分析; 测量不确定度; 最小二乘法;线性回归
Keyword: the error analysis; the uncertainty of measurement; the least square method;linear regression
目 录
1.误差理论 5
1.1误差的基本概念 5
1.1.1误差定义与表示 5
1.1.2误差分类 5
1.2随机误差 5
1.2.1正态分布 5
1.2.2算术平均值 6
1.3系统误差的处理方法 6
1.4小结 6
2.不确定度评定 7
2.1测量不确定度 7
2.1.1不确定度的由来 7
2.1.2不确定度的定义与分类 7
2.1.3测量不确定的来源 7
2.2直接测量不确定度的评定 7
2.2.1 A类不确定度评定 8
2.2.2 B类不确定度评定 8
2.3间接测量不确定度的评定 9
2.4扩展不确定度 12
2.5不确定度评定的基本流程 12
2.6小结 13
3.不确定度计算在物理实验中的运用实例 13
3.1实验原理介绍 13
3.2实验数据获取 13
3.3实验预测结果 14
3. 4不确定度计算 15
3.4.1输入量周期T的不确定度分析 15
3.4.2输入量单摆长度的不确定度分析 16
3.5小结