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摘要存在句是英汉两种语言共有的特殊句型,其使用频率高，用法及形式多样，具有其他句式不可替代的作用。这种句式在英汉语中都是用来表示人或事物的存在、出现等意义，多用于描述性文章中，这是两者在语义和使用上的相同之处。从结构上看，两种语言中存在句的典型句式有比较大的区别。本文从句法这个层面探讨英汉存在句的相同和相异之处,进行两种存在句型的比较研究。发现其相似之处在于：相似的语义功能；都拥有大量的存在动词；以及在句子中皆可充当不同的句子成分等。其差异在于：句子结构（顺序）不同；英语存在句中有“there”在主语位置引导全句；以及汉语存在句还可以表达事物的消失等。20949
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关键词：存在句；对比研究；句法；语义
Abstract
Existential sentence is a special construction in both English and Chinese, which have a high frequency of using and a variety of usages and forms. It plays an irreplaceable role in these two languages. They are commonly used to indicate the existence or emergence of things, and are usually found in descriptive writings, which is the semantic similarity between English existential sentences and their Chinese counterparts. Structurally, the typical existential sentence of English is different from that of Chinese. This dissertation is to conduct a comparative study of the two structures in terms of syntax, in the hope of finding out the similarities and differences between the two structures. The similarities lie in the same semantic function. The existential verbs are rich in their numbers. And they can assume different sentence elements. The differences lie in the linear order of their sentence structures. English existential sentences have a “there” occupying the subject position. And Chinese existential sentences can be used to indicate the disappearance of things.
Key Words: existential sentences; comparative study; syntax; semantic
Contents
摘 要 i
Abstract ii
I.Introduction 1
II.On the English Existential Sentence 1
2.1 The Definition of English Existential Sentence 1
2.2 The Properties of English Existential Sentence 2
2.2.1 The Properties of There 2
2.2.2 The Properties of the Existential Noun Phrases 3
2.2.3 The Properties of the Existential Verbs 4
III.On the Chinese Existential Sentence 6
3.1 The Definition of Chinese Existential Sentence 6
3.2 The Properties of Chinese Existential Sentence 7
3.2.1 The Properties of the Locative/Temporal Phrases 7
3.2.2 The Properties of the Existential Verbs 8
3.2.3 The Properties of the Existential Noun Phrases 9
IV. Comparisons of Existential Sentences of English and Chinese 10
4.1 On their Similarities 10
4.2 On their Differences 13
V.Conclusion 15
Bibliography 17
Acknowledgments 18
A Comparative Study of Existential Sentence of English and Chinese
I.Introduction
Existential sentences have always been one of the focuses of linguistic researches for their peculiar properties not only in English but also in Chinese. Since the end of the 20th century, some researches on comparative study of the existential sentences between English and Chinese have been carried out.
The existential sentence is a special type of sentence structure found in almost all the languages in the world, being used to denote the existence or emergence of things, including human beings, animals, physical objects, and even abstract ideas and emotions. It has got extensive use in both English and Chinese. In this paper, we are to discuss the existential sentences, specify the existential constructions, and make a comparison of existential sentences between English and Chinese.