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Abstract Thomas Hardy，a British novelist and poetat the turn of the 19th century, was one of the representative writers of the English critical realism. His masterpiece Tess of the d’Urbervillesdepicts the heroine’s miserable life. Tess is described as a beautiful and kind-hearted pure womanwho has the quality of responsibility and self-sacrifice. But her life is totally a disaster. She was not only the victim of the Victorian time, but also the victim of her contemporaries. This paperanalyses her tragedy from theperspectives of the social factors and the human ones.
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The article can be pided into three parts.The first one is a brief introduction of the writing background, the author and the story. The second part analyses the social factors for Tess’s tragedy.The financial, moral and political factors are included.Tess’s story happensin the specific period when the United Kingdom is experiencing a social transformation from the agricultural civilization to the industrial civilization. During this time, lots of farmers are forced into bankruptcy and Tess’s family is one of them.The capitalist political oppression upon Tess is mainly from the religion and the law, both of which playa very important role in bringing out Tess’s tragedy.
The last partanalyses the human factors for Tess’s tragedy,including Tess’s own characters, Angel and Alec.Tess’s own character, on the one hand, refers to her purity, her kind-heartedness and her being responsible and altruist.Besides, there are also some weaknesses in her character. She is feeble, compromising, sticking to backward ethics and so on.All of these contribute to Tess’s tragedy. The despicable Alec and the sanctimonious Angel also play a very important role in Tess’s tragedy. All these factors lead to Tess’s tragedy.Finally, Tess becomes the sacrifice of that society.
Key words:Tess of the d’Urbervilles, Tess, tragedy, social factor, human factor
摘要
托马斯•哈代是英国19世纪到20世纪过渡时期的一位著名的小说家和诗人，也是英国批判现实主义的代表作家之一。《德伯家的苔丝》是他的经典著作，该小说描述了女主人公苔丝悲惨的一生。苔丝是一个美丽、善良而又纯洁的女人。她有着高度的责任感和自我牺牲精神，然而她的一生完全是悲剧的一生。导致她悲剧的原因既有社会因素，也有人为因素。本论文将从社会、政治和文化角度来分析苔丝悲剧的发生。7809
本论文分为三个部分。第一部分对写作背景、作者以及小说内容做了简单介绍。第二部分对包括政治、经济和伦理在内的社会因素做了简单的分析。苔丝的故事发生在这样一个时期，当时英国社会正在经历从农业文明到工业文明转型，很多农民都被迫破产，苔丝一家就是他们中的一个。资本主义政治对苔丝的压迫主要体现在宗教和法律两方面，它们对苔丝悲剧的发生也起了很大作用。
最后一部分对导致苔丝悲剧的人为因素进行分析。其中包括苔丝的性格特点、安琪儿以及亚克的作用。苔丝纯洁、善良，富有自我牺牲精神，同时她的性格中也有脆弱的一面，如软弱、妥协、头脑中充满落后的伦理观念等。这些都对她悲剧的发生起到了很大作用。卑鄙的亚克和伪善的安琪儿也是苔丝的悲剧发生的重要因素。这些社会以及人为因素导致了苔丝的悲剧，最终使她成为了社会的牺牲品。
关键词：《德伯家的苔丝》，苔丝，悲剧，社会因素，人为因素
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements i
Abstract ii
摘要 iii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 The Writing Background 1
1.2 A Brief Introduction of Thomas Hardy 2
1.3 A Brief Introduction of Tess of the d’Urbervilles 3