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叶芝是二十世纪一位公认的伟大诗人，在他的诗作里创建了一个独特的象征世界。他于1923年获得诺贝尔文学奖，并以象征主义、唯美主义、现代主义和浪漫主义的不同特点创造了精彩玄秘的象征体系。本文将分析叶芝诗歌作品对象征主义的运用和发展，研究叶芝象征主义的理论来源以及象征意象和生活现实的结合与演变，诠释叶芝诗歌中象征主义与哲学理念的关系。本文通过对叶芝象征主义发展和运用的分析，为研究叶芝诗歌的象征主义提供了一个新的视觉。9031
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关键词 叶芝 象征主义 发展 意象
毕 业 论 文 外 文 摘 要
Table of Contents
1 Introduction1
1.1 W.B. Yeats and His Achievement.....1
1.2 The Previous Studies of Yeats’ Symbolism2
1.3 Significance of the Thesis..2
2 The Exercise and Innovation of Image in Yeats’ Poetry.3
2.1 The Emotional Images.4
2.1.1 Rose...4
2.1.2 Dewdrop..6
2.2 The Intellectual Image.8
2.2.1 The Wheel...8
2.2.2 The Tower.11
Conclusion13
Acknowledgements...14
Bibliography.15
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红色字体有格式或语法问题。
缩略词，如 W. B. 之间要有空格。
论文后一半的正文没有两端对齐。
引语段中的诗歌给出作者和页码。
1 Introduction
According to the Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory, symbol means to throw together. It derives from the Greek verb symballein. Its noun symbolon means “mark, emblem, token or sign”. It is an object, animate or inanimate, which represents or “stands for” something else.
In this way, there are two aspects in a symbol: One is the representing, the other is the represented. Symbolizing is equal to throwing the two aspects together. For words in and of themselves are signs, language is made up by a system of symbols. To use words is equal to using symbols. In a larger sense, literature which is a language artistically expressed is therefore an art of how to symbolize. The symbolic element can be traced back to the beginning of literature.
1.1 W. B. Yeats and His Achievements
William Butler Yeats (1865 –1939) was one of the foremost poets of 20th century literature, whose poems were mainly collected in The Wanderings of Oisin and Other poems and The Wind among the Reeds. He was awarded Nobel Prize in Literature in 1923. He was a Symbolist poet, in that he used allusive imagery and symbolic structures throughout his career. His work can be pided into three general periods. His poems develop from the early pre-Raphaelite, the middle social realism and the late symbolism and mysticism. Among the various kinds of styles including Romanticism, Realism, Aestheticism, Naturalism, and Symbolism, Yeats turned into a late symbolist from a late romanticist. It can be seen from his essays and articles, mainly in “William Blake and His Illustrations to the Divine Comedy” (1897), “William Blake and the Imagination” (1897), “Symbolism in Painting” (1898), “The Symbolism of poetry” (1900) and “Magic” (1901). His symbolic system can be found in his book A Vision (1925). When in his early thirties, he published his symbolic poem The Wanderings of Oisin (1889) and the symbolic volume The Rose (1985), and he was just writing his most famous collection of symbolic poems The Wind among the Reeds (1889).
1.2 The Previous Studies of Yeats’ Symbolism
Now Yeats has been studied for over a hundred years. The first recorded example of Yeats criticism is Katharine Tynan’s enthusiastic review of his dramatic poem Mosada (1886) in the Irish Monthly of March 1887. In the exhaustive W.B. Yeats: A Classified Bibliography of Criticism (1990) there are 10152 entries. This book, produced by K. P. S. Jochum, is a book of great labors of love, indispensable for all the serious Yeats scholars. In addition, there are 18 entries concerning specific symbols such as bird, tree, gyre, tower, etc. because the number of actual publications is considerably higher than the number included in this bibliography it is fair to say that hundreds of studies in Yeats’ symbols and symbolism have been published in the world ever since the rise of Yeats as a poet and a critic, chiefly in Great Britain, Ireland, the United States, Canada, and Australia. With the help of Mr. Jochum’s bibliography, I find that about one fifth of the studies in Yeats are Ph.D. theses or books that are based on Ph.D. theses.