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object-oriented simulation environment, of which the fundamental
object is an equation.EKS (Energy Kernel System) was researched in the UK [37]. The
objective of the EKS/UK was to place tool development on a task-
sharing basis in order to ensure integrity and extensibility of future
systems. The primary goal of EKS/UK, i.e. to improve the tool
development process, was later researched via primitive part
modeling in the ESP-r simulation environment [34].
NMF (neutral model format) was designed to bring the power of
differential algebraic equation (DAE)-based modeling to the building
simulation community and yet be compatible with major BPS tools
such as TRNSYS, IDA and SPARK. The basic objective of NMF is to
provide a common format of model expression for a number of
existing and emerging simulation tools, e.g. TRNSYS, HVACSIM+, IDA
and SPARK [38].
IDA is one of a few equation-based efforts that have been pursued
beyond the stage of prototyping [38]. The NMF initiative continues to
live with IDA, since most of the IDA models are written in NMF,
besides a few written in Modelica [33].
Modelica [39] is an ambitious modeling language that has shown
potential to bring order to the fragmented world of DAE-based
simulation. It draws on the collective experience of a large number of
first generation languages. Since the first Modelica based tool,
Dymola, appeared in 1999, several large industries such as Toyota,
Ford, United Technologies, Caterpillar, ABB, Alstom, TetraPak, etc.
have adopted it [38]. Efforts to develop building and HVAC system
simulation models resulted in various Modelica libraries, such as
ATPlus [40], UTRC Modelica library [41] and Building Informatics
Environment [42].
SimScape [43] is a new development by MathWorks that extends
Simulink with tools for modeling and simulating multi-domain
physical systems, such as those with mechanical, hydraulic, and
electrical components. SimScape can be used for a variety of
automotive, aerospace, defense, and industrial-equipment applica-
tions. Together with other MatLab toolboxes, SimScape allows
modeling of complex interactions in multi-domain physical systems.
There appears to be no evidence yet of using SimScape in BPS.
Based on object-oriented programming approach, the above
projects were aiming to introduce “modern concepts from computer
science and software engineering in the BPS field to make available to
developers basic software modules and supporting framework that
could be used to construct new BPS software” [44]. But, as Sahlin et al.
[33] notes that nothingmuch has happened in recent years to “change
the direction of fundamental reasoning”. The authors also state
several factors that contributed to this apparent lack of progress, as
follows:
• Some exploratory projects did not deliver as expected.
• Leading research groups have reverted back to existing solutions
and “organic” evolution.
• Multi-domain simulation is being attempted by coupling of existing
domain specific simulators (co-simulation).
• Driven by product model research, attention has shifted from new
tool development to improved integration of existing modeling and
simulation tools into the design process.
Sahlin [45] states that the primary cause of the lack of success is
“unwillingness by BPS developers to learn other engineering fields”.It
seems that the equation-based tool development has not shifted away
attention fromexisting tools. Due to the difficulty in obtaining funding
for work other than incremental improvements of BPS tools [46],
many research teams continued to improve the integration of
“traditional” simulation tools into the design process.