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摘 要约翰•斯坦贝克（1902-1968），美国小说家。斯坦贝克于1962年获得诺贝尔文学奖。主要著作有《金杯》、《天堂牧场》、《玉米平》、《胜负未决的战斗》、《人鼠之间》、《愤怒的葡萄》等。《愤怒的葡萄》被认为是20世纪的经典作品。
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这部作品以经济危机（大萧条）时期中部各州农民破产、逃荒和斗争为背景，描写了乔德一家被迫离开自己的土地，被驱赶到加利福尼亚州生活的历史史诗，深刻讨论了流动工人的悲惨生活。文中讨论了汤姆•乔德的人物由个人主义者到集体主义者的转变，和造成这种转变的原因是有当时的社会环境和主导思想所决定的, 从而展现了压迫者和被压迫者之间激烈的冲突。关键词：冲突；转变；原因8248
AbstractJohn Stainbeck (1902-1968), an American novelist, won the Nobel prize of literature in 1962. His main work such as Cup of Gold, The Pastures of Heaven, Tortilla Flat, Dubious Battle, Of Mice and Men, The Grapes of Wrath, and so on. And The Grapes of Wrath is considered as a classical book in 20 century.
This work used mid-states farmers’ experience of bankruptcy, migration and hard struggles during the economic crisis as the background. It is an epic which describes the Joads were forced to leave their land and be driven to California. It discusses the miserable life of migrant workers in deep. This paper discusses the characteristic transformation of Tom Joad from an inpidualist to a collectivist and the cause of this shift is decided by the social environment and the dominant thought of that time, through which shows the fierce conflicts between the oppressors and the oppressed.
Key words: conflict; change; reason
Contents
摘 要 i
Abstract ii
I. Introduction 1
II. From a worldly prisoner to a disciple of Christianity 4
2.1 A Prisoner with No Belief 4
2.2 A Disciple Baptized by Jim Casy and Re-baptized by Himself 6
III. From an Inpidualist to a collectivist 10
3.1 To Make a Living by Himself 10
3.2 To Achieve goal Through Unity 12
IV. The Causes of Transition 16
4.1 Social Factors 16
4.2 Natural Factors 17
4.3 Capitalist System Factors 18
V. Conclusion 19
Bibliography 21
Acknowledgements 22An Analysis of Tom’s Transition in The Grapes of Wrath
I. Introduction
John Ernst Steinbeck, Jr. was born on February 27, 1902, in Salinas, California. He was of German, English, and Irish descent. The Steinbecks were members of the Episcopal Church, although Steinbeck would later become an agnostic. Steinbeck lived in a small rural town, no more than a frontier settlement, set in some of the world’s most fertile land. He spent his summers working on nearby ranches and later with migrant workers on Spreckels sugar beet farms. There he became aware of the harsher aspects of migrant life and the darker side of human nature, which supplied him with material expressed in such works as Of Mice and Men. He also explored his surroundings, walking across local forests, fields, and farms.While working at Spreckels Sugar Company, he would sometimes work in their laboratory, which gave him time to write.
Steinbeck began to write a series of “California novels” and Dust Bowl fiction, set among common people during the Great Depression. These included In Dubious Battle, The Grapes of Wrath.Steinbeck followed this wave of success with The Grapes of Wrath (1939), based on newspaper articles about migrant agricultural workers that he had written in San Francisco. It is commonly considered his greatest work. According to The New York Times, it was the best-selling book of 1939 and 430,000 copies had been printed by February 1940. In that month it won the National Book Award, favorite fiction book of 1939, voted by members of the American Booksellers Association.Later that year it won the Pulitzer Prize for Fictionand it was adapted as a film directed by John Ford, starring Henry Fonda as Tom Joad; Fonda was nominated for the best actor Academy Award.